<p>The Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site is a location in southern Arizona that is significant for its association with evidence that mammoths were killed here by Paleo-Indians 9000 years BCE.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, Ed Lehner discovered extinct mammoth bone fragments on his ranch, at the locality now known as the Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site. He notified the Arizona State Museum, and a summer of heavy rains in 1955 exposed more bones. Excavations took place in 1955-56, and again in 1974-75. In the first season, two Clovis projectile points were found among the ribs of a young mammoth.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts found during these excavations included thirteen fluted Clovis culture projectile points, butchering tools, chipped stone debris and fire hearth features.</p><br>
<p>Bones of a variety of game—twelve immature mammoths, one horse, one tapir, several bison, one camel, one bear, several rabbits, and a garter snake—were excavated at the Lehner site.</p><br>
<p>The Lehner Mammoth kill and camp site exhibited a number of firsts: It was the first site associated with the Clovis culture to have definable fire hearths. These hearths provided the first radiocarbon dates for the culture (9,000 BCE).</p><br>
<p>This site was also the first to have butchering tools in direct association with animal remains, and the first Clovis association with small animals, camel, and tapir.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the obvious artifact remains, an inter-disciplinary group of scientists including archaeologists, botanists, geochronologists, geologists, paleontologists, palynologists, and zoologists have studied and interpreted a wide range of data from the site.</p><br>
<p>The Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, Mr. and Mrs. Lehner donated the site to the Bureau of Land Management for the benefit and education of the public.</p><br>
<p>Grand Canyon Power House is a former electric power plant that served National Park Service and concessioner facilities at the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park. It is significant for its architecture, which masks the building&#39;s industrial function behind a veneer of rustic design. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark on the basis of its design quality and the level of preservation of its equipment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Power House was built in 1926 by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway to provide electrical power to its facilities at the South Rim, which included a train station, the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge. It also provided steam to heat train cars parked at the Grand Canyon rail yard. The buildings architect is unknown, but is believed to have been a Los Angeles-based architect known both to the railroad and to Daniel Ray Hull, the director of the National Park Service Landscape Engineering division, probably a staff architect for the Santa Fe. Hull at the time shared an office in Los Angeles with Gilbert Stanley Underwood, who worked for the competing Union Pacific Railways Utah Parks Company, designing structures at the North Rim and in national parks in Utah. The drawings were completed in 1925, but none are signed by an identifiable individual or firm. The 1926 Power House replaced an earlier structure that housed boilers and pumps. It was operated by the railroad until 1954, when it was sold to the National Park Service, who hired the Fred Harvey Company, the chief park concessioner, to operate the plant. It ceased operations in 1956 and its smokestack was demolished immediately after. The plant&#39;s diesel generators, pumps, boilers and electrical equipment remain intact. The building is used for storage by Fred Harvey.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Power Plant is a concrete framed industrial building sheathed in a rustic exterior reminiscent of a huge Swiss chalet. Despite its bulk, the design of the plant carefully minimizes its apparent bulk and integrates it with the natural landscape. The design borrows elements from the similarly Swiss-rustic El Tovar Hotel located nearby. The buildings details are scaled to produce a trompe-lœil effect, with elements such as the balcony rail, eaves and windows about twice as big as would normally be expected.</p><br>
<p>The building is built into a slope, further reducing its scale. Its main mass is a tall main floor set over a low raised basement, all enclosed in random rubble limestone in a rough texture with deeply raked joints. Above this masonry mass is an upper story of painted concrete, set off by the false balcony with its high railing on three sides and part of the fourth. The upper story&#39;s steel industrial sash windows are framed with wood trim. The gable roof has a shallow slope with broad and heavy eaves. A west extension is detailed in a similar manner, and was apparently built just after the main building to accommodate a refrigeration plant. It retains some of its cork insulation on the inside. The interior is divided down the middle, following the roof ridgeline with an industrial steel and glass curtain wall. The roof is supported by steel trusses supporting wood decking. The original Fairebanks-Morse diesel generators are still in place, surrounded by access catwalks. A bridge crane used to service the generators remains intact.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been infilled with a freestanding multilevel structure to accommodate storage and office functions. The new structure is independent of the building&#39;s historical fabric and can be removed without harm to the original structure.</p><br>
<h2>Historical designations</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Power Plant was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987. It is also included in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>Grand Canyon Park Operations Building, was built in 1929 on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park. It is significant as an example of a National Park Service building designed to blend harmoniously with the natural surroundings, in the National Park Service Rustic style. The Operations Building was designed to replace the Superintendent&#39;s Residence as the park headquarters. It was in turn replaced by a newer building in 1967, and presently functions as the headquarters for park law enforcement. The building was designed by the National Park Service Landscape Division under the direction of Thomas Chalmers Vint, and has been designated a National Historic Landmark for its design significance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Park Operations Building is a two-story structure, with rubble Kaibab limestone construction to the sill level of the first floor and wood frame construction above. The building is dominated by massive battered rubble piers extending to the second floor sill level, with three large peeled log corner posts at each corner. The building is crowned by a shallow-pitched roof with deep, bracketed eaves. A 1938 restroom addition is constructed in a similar manner, with sympathetic use of form and materials. The gabled roof runs back from the principal elevation, which features a ribbon of windows at the second floor and a central entrance door flaked by windows at the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Little remains of the original interior, which was substantially renovated in 1938 and several times later. The lobby, however, remains substantially intact, with a large stone fireplace whose chimney supports log ceiling beams.</p><br>
<p>The Operations Building is one of the earliest and largest examples of Park Service rustic design at the Grand Canyon, part of the largest developed area in a USA national park. The Grand Canyon Village ensemble was developed with a consistent and original design theme in a style unique to the Park Service, in opposition to the eclectic style of park concessioners at the El Tovar Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The Park Operations Building was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987, reflecting its status as a prominent example of rustic construction in the national parks. It is included in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>Grand Canyon Village Historic District comprises the historic center of Grand Canyon Village, on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. The district includes numerous landmark park structures, many of which are National Historic Landmarks themselves, or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The town design as a whole is also significant for its attention to integration with the Grand Canyon landscape, its incorporation of National Park Service Rustic design elements, and for the idiosyncratic design of park concessioner structures such as the El Tovar Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Design and history</h2><br>
<p>Grand Canyon Village was planned by the National Park Service to be a comprehensive development for tourism on the South Rim. It is the largest example of Park Service town planning extant in the national park system. Initially centered on the terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway, the village expanded as both the Park Service and the park concessioner, the Fred Harvey Company, built or expanded facilities. Initial development was centered on the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge, both concessioner-operated facilities. The El Tovar was opened in 1905 as a destination hotel on the canyon rim by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, who owned the Grand Canyon spur. A new train depot was built next to the hotel by the railway in 1909. Nearly all early development at the village was undertaken by concessioners.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, while the Grand Canyon was still designated a national monument, Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger suggested that a plan be established before further development took place at the South Rim. Mark Daniels, the general superintendent of the parks from 1914, called for similar comprehensive planning to establish water and sewer systems, power distribution and telephone networks. A 1924 master plan by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull established a "village square" at the intersection of the railroad and east road just below the El Tovar. The first park administration building was established there. Hull used the local topography, dictated by Bright Angel Wash valley&#39;s topography, with residential neighborhoods on two small hills divided by a branch of the Bright Angel drainage, away from the main south entrance road down Bright Angel and keeping hotel development in the area of the Bright Angel Camp and the El Tovar. Another square or plaza was intended where the new south entrance road approached the rim, surrounded by another administration building, a post office, and a proposed museum. Over time, the plaza became a parking area. Treatment of residential areas varied. Park Service housing was arranged so that automobile access was to the rear, with the house fronts oriented to a central communal space. Grand Canyon Village is one of the earliest uses of this arrangement in a planned community, predating its use at Radburn, New Jersey by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. Housing for Fred Harvey Company personnel was arranged in a more traditional street-facing arrangement, with a parallel system of alleys for access to garages at the rear of the lots.</p><br>
<p>Much of the work that was accomplished in the late 1930s was done by Civilian Conservation Corps labor, particularly the landscaping, which involved the transplantation of native vegetation into areas that had been disturbed by construction.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing structures</h2><br>
<p>Many of the contributing features and structures in Grand Canyon Village are simple landscape structures such as sidewalks, retaining walls and culverts. The canyon rim stone wall is the principle defining feature of the area, constructed in stages between 1905 and 1934. 44 such structures have been identified as contributing features, mostly built of local Kaibab limestone.</p><br>
<p>The district includes a number of significant structures, some of them National Historic Landmarks in their own right, with several others individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The buildings can be divided into two categories: the fanciful structures built by park concessioners, many of which were designed by Mary Colter, and the more restrained examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture designed by Hull and Thomas Chalmers Vint for park administration and housing. Concessioner structures include:</p><br>
<p>The El Tovar Hotel (1905) was built by the AT&SF as a resort hotel on the canyon&#39;s rim. Designed by architect Charles Frederick Whittlesey, the hotel is a National Historic Landmark</p><br>
<p>The Bright Angel Lodge (1935) incorporates the Buckey O&#39;Neill Cabin and the Red Horse Station, relocated to the site. Formerly the Bright Angel Hotel, the facility was almost entirely rebuilt under the direction of architect Mary Colter.</p><br>
<p>The Buckey O&#39;Neill Cabin (1897) is the oldest structure at the South Rim, individually listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Lookout Studio (1914) is just to the west of the Bright Angel Lodge. Designed by Colter, the structure was originally known as "The Lookout," which is its primary purpose. The structure includes a small gift shop. It is part of the Mary Jane Colter buildings National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Hopi House (1905) was designed by Colter to resemble a Hopi pueblo. Located to the east of the El Tovar, between the hotel and Verkamp&#39;s Store, the multistory sandstone structure was built as a living museum in which Hopi artisans would demonstrate and sell their crafts. It is part of the Mary Jane Colter National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The El Tovar Stables (1904) were built to house horses and mules used for transportation around the park in pre-automobile times, and continue to be used to house mules for the Bright Angel Trail to the Phantom Ranch. Individually listed on the NRHP</p><br>
<p>The Kolb Brothers Studio (1904) was established by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb, the studio featured the Kolbs&#39; films and slide shows of the Grand Canyon in a building perched on and extending over the rim of the canyon at the head of the Bright Angel Trail. The building eventually extended to five stories and includes a small auditorium.</p><br>
<p>Verkamps Curio Store (1906), is now Verkamps Visitor Center, operated by the National Park Service. Built by Ohioan John George Verkamp, who sold Native American crafts and souvenirs, the two-story shingled building has been described as "modified Mission" style, resembling an adobe building in form but not materials. Members of the Verkamp family lived upstairs through 1978. By 2008, when the store was the oldest concessioner in the national park system, the Verkamp family elected not to renew their concession. The store closed and the Park Service renovated the building as a visitor center.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Power House was built by the AT&SF to provide electricity to concessioner and park facilities. The power house is notable for its application of rustic design principles to an industrial structure and for its creative use of scale. It is an individually listed National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Depot (1910) and Grand Canyon Railway (1905) were built by the AT&SF. The depot, designed by Francis W. Wilson, is an individually listed National Historical Landmark, and the railway is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The AT&SF Employee residences were built to house concessioner employees. Both the subdivision and the houses themselves are larger than the Park Service equivalent, with garages to the rear of the houses on alleys.</p><br>
<p>Park Service structures include:</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence (1921) was originally the parks first headquarters building. It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style by Hull, and altered in 1931 by Vint to be the superintendent&#39;s residence. The residence is individually listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building (1929) replaced the first headquarters. Now the park&#39;s law enforcement center, it is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon South Rim Rangers Dormitory (1920) was built as a workers dormitory, and was converted to house park rangers in 1927. It is individually listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Park Service Employee residences (1924–1933) were built under the direction of Hull and Vint on cul-de-sacs, facing inward to a common pedestrian area. The 16 houses were designed in the NPS Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>Other contributing buildings include dormitories, service shops, a jail, a firehouse, the park hospital, a post office and two schools. Non-contributing structures include the Thunderbird and Kachina lodges between the Bright Angel Lodge and the El Tovar.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designation</h2><br>
<p>The village&#39;s initial listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1975 included 39 buildings, then was expanded in 1982 to include the Bright Angel Lodge and an additional 25 buildings. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District on February 18, 1987. On October 24, 1995 the district was again expanded to include the historic center of Grand Canyon Village. The present district includes 247 buildings, 55 landscape structures and three sites. The NRHP district differs from the NHL district by its inclusion of two non-contiguous cemeteries, not part of the NHL since they have no association with park architecture.</p><br>
<p>The former Illinois State Police Office in Pontiac, Illinois, United States served as the Illinois State Police District 6 headquarters from its construction in 1941 until 2003. The building, located along old USA Route 66, was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Building</h3><br>
<p>The Illinois State Police Office south of Pontiac, Illinois along USA Route 66 was constructed in 1941 as the headquarters for the Illinois State Police District 6. The building was one of the first headquarters buildings to be built during the era.</p><br>
<p>The new headquarters building was constructed and traffic along Route 66 continued to increase throughout the 1940s. In 1944 the route was widened to four lanes through this region of Illinois and two additional highway lanes were constructed directly in front of the building. When Interstate 55 was built about a half mile (800 m) to the west of the route during the 1970s traffic on 66 began to decrease. The Illinois State Police remained headquartered in the Pontiac USA Route 66 building until 2003. The building is vacant as of 2003.</p><br>
<p>After being listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in March 2007, preservationists received word that a bill had passed the Illinois House of Representatives authorizing the state to pass ownership of the building to Livingston County.</p><br>
<h3>District six</h3><br>
<p>The 6th District of the Illinois State Police was originally established as District 9 and it was one of initial five police districts established when the State Police were officially founded in April 1922. Its original base of operations was in Kankakee, as was the headquarters for the entire State Police agency. The district covered Cook, Will, Iroquois, and Vermilion Counties upon its inception. In 1935 the district renamed as District 6, and its coverage area was altered to just include the counties of Kankakee, Ford, Iroquois, McLean and Livingston. It was at this time that the headquarters was moved into a rented building along U.S Route 66 near Pontiac.</p><br>
<p>The official groundbreaking for the new headquarters took place in August 2001 and was attended by then-Illinois Governor George Ryan. The new headquarters building, a 23,000 ft&sup2; facility, was the result of successive requests from the Illinois State Police every year since 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Pontiac State Police Office is cast in the Art Moderne style, reflecting the sleek, streamlined look of new automobiles during the era. The streamline effect is reflected through the structures use of curved corners, smooth surfaces and structural glass bricks. The buildings interior contains a large squad room, used for meetings, office space, a public lobby and a garage bay for cars and motorcycles.</p><br>
<p>The one-story building has two main wings. The north wing was originally the administrative area and the south wing a garage. The same design was used by the Illinois State Police in the construction of the headquarters building at Rock Island.</p><br>
<p>Point of Pines Sites is a set of archaeological sites in the USA state of Arizona that are significant for associations with Ancestral Pueblo, Mogollon and Hohokam cultures. The sites were chosen as a field school location by Dr. Emil Haury because of the unusual presence of all three major prehistoric cultures of Arizona.</p><br>
<p>Point of Pines, actually a series of pueblo sites on a spur off the Nantack Ridge, was also a good location for continuing research that had begun at Kinishba and Forestdale. For most of its early history the sites in the area fit the model of the Mogollon Culture identified by Haury and others. Later on, after the 13th century there was apparently an influx of Anasazi from the Colorado Plateau and possibly the Hohokam of the Safford region.</p><br>
<p>The presence of Jeddito ware, a pottery type associated with the Hopi heartland, indicates at least trade with that area if not actual movement of people. Terah Smiley, a student of Haury&#39;s at Point of Pines, excavated and identified the rectangular Western Pueblo style kiva, forms of which are still in use today, at several of the sites.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Pueblo Grande Ruin and Irrigation Sites are pre-Columbian archaeological sites and ruins, located in Phoenix, Arizona. It includes a historic platform mound and irrigation canals. The city manages the sites as the Pueblo Grande Museum Archaeological Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The prehistoric Hohokam culture created the archaeological structures and items of Pueblo Grande. It is believed that this area was settled around 450 BC. Due to major population movements, among other factors, the site was abandoned by 1450 AD.</p><br>
<p>Pueblo Grande features a large platform mound with retaining walls, that was formerly surmounted by walled structures. This massive structure contains over 20,000 cubic meters (yards) of fill. There were also many dwellings, and at least three ball courts. Construction of the ball courts was begun by 750 BC.</p><br>
<p>The Hohokam were the first people to practice irrigated agriculture in the region. The remnants of their irrigation canals are part of the historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Protection</h2><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>It consists of two parts, that were on adjacent properties, and both associated with the same history. They were listed separately in the National Register of Historic Places as Pueblo Grande Ruin and Hohokam-Pima Irrigation Sites on the October 15, 1966 date when all National Historic Landmark sites were administratively listed.</p><br>
<h2>Images of the Pueblo Grande Ruin</h2><br>
<p>San Bernardino Ranch is an historic ranch house in the southern San Bernardino Valley near the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge in extreme southeast Cochise County, Arizona, United States. It is significant for its association with the beginning of cattle ranching in southern Arizona and northern Mexico. The ranchland and valley are part of the headwaters region of the Yaqui River.</p><br>
<p>The site is also known as the Slaughter Ranch, for it was the home of the Old West lawman John Horton Slaughter from 1880s until his death in 1922. In 1911, during the conflict known as the Border War, a United States Army camp was established at the ranch and was called Camp San Bernardino Ranch, or the Slaughter Ranch Outpost.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. Today the compound includes the preserved ranch house, wash house, icehouse, granary and commissary. Much of it is set up as a museum known as the Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The San Bernardino Valley was originally home to Southern Athabaskan Native American tribes. Spanish missionaries, including the Jesuit missionary Father Eusebio Kino, were the first Europeans to visit the site, in 1694. The Marquis de Rubí proposed the building of the San Bernardino Garrison, which was occupied from 1775 to 1780. The original Mexican land grant of 73,240 acres, where the San Bernardino Ranch sits today, was purchased by Ignacio Perez in 1822 for 90 pesos (plus additional fees). He was chased from his land grant by local Apache Indians in the 1830s. In 1846 the Mormon Battalion came through the property on their way to California. A historical marker commemorating their passage can now be seen at the beginning of the road leading to the front gate. Prospectors and pioneers continued to trek through the valley in the 1840s and 1850s on their way to California. On June 8, 1854, the valley officially became part of the United States following the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico.</p><br>
<h3>Slaughter Ranch</h3><br>
<p>In 1884, John Horton Slaughter, a cowboy and lawman originally from Texas, purchased 65,000 acres from Perezs heirs for approximately $80,000. Two-thirds of his property lay in Mexico, with the remaining third in the Arizona Territory. There are ruins on the property now owned by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service where a Mormon employee of Slaughters built a home (called the Mormon House) straddling the USA–Mexico border so he could keep a wife in the United States and a wife in Mexico. The home was two rooms, one on each side of the border, with a breezeway connecting them.</p><br>
<p>Slaughter was elected sheriff of Cochise County, Arizona in 1886, and served two terms through 1890. He became well known for restoring lawfulness in towns like Tombstone, Arizona after the infamous 1881 Gunfight at the OK Corral. The Tombstone jail was once known as the "Hotel de Slaughter". He helped tame the Arizona Territory, and was known to return from searching for outlaws with only their horses and equipment. Slaughter and his second wife, Viola Slaughter (born Cora Viola Howell), as well as her parents, Amazon and Mary Ann Howell, and Slaughter&#39;s children from his first marriage, Addie and Willie, lived at the ranch for many years. The 7.6 Sonora earthquake, centered in Bavispe, Sonora, destroyed the Howell residence on the property in 1887. The Howells managed the property until Slaughter finished his second term as sheriff. Slaughter had as many as 500 people living and working on the ranch, including many foster children. The most noteworthy of these was an Apache toddler, Apache May Slaughter, who was adopted by Slaughter after she was abandoned by her parents while Slaughter was tracking her band, who were responsible for killing white men in Arizona. Slaughter and the girl adored each other. She called Slaughter "Don Juan". She died from burns as her dress caught fire at age 6. She is buried in the cemetery on what is now the wildlife refuge.</p><br>
<p>Children were a large part of the ranch activities, and Slaughter loved children. There were enough children that the Slaughters built a schoolhouse, Slaughter School District No. 28. The children played in the natural artesian wells on the property and had picnics. Viola would bring the children ice cream from the icehouse. The kids loved swimming in the house pond, which was dammed by Slaughter for irrigation purposes. Slaughter loved technology. His was the first private home in southeastern Arizona to have a telephone. He owned six cars, yet never learned to drive.</p><br>
<p>From 1911 to 1920, the Slaughter Ranch Outpost for Camp Harry J. Jones in Douglas, Arizona was established on the ranch, on top of Mesa de la Avanzada overlooking the ranch house. Following the May 4, 1919 murder of Jesse Fisher by Manuel Garcia and Jose Perez, John and Viola moved to Douglas. John Slaughter died peacefully in his sleep on February 16, 1922. Viola sold the property around 1936 to a friend, Marion Williams.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 Paul and Helen Ramsower purchased the property. On August 7, 1964, the San Bernardino Ranch National Historic Landmark was entered on the National Register of Historic Places. The Ramsowers turned the ranch over to The Nature Conservancy in 1980. The buildings were purchased in 1983 by the Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service purchased most of the remaining property. Of the original acreage, 131 acre belong to the museum and the rest belongs to the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge and ranch are home to the Yaqui Topminnow and Yaqui Chub, two endangered species of fish known to exist only in the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Today, the existing buildings at the San Bernardino Ranch have been carefully restored to their early 1900s appearance based on personal accounts and photographic records. The buildings include:</p><br>
<p>Ranch house: An adobe structure with a hipped roof and redwood shingles, it contains six bedroom rooms, plus a living room/dining room, bathroom, kitchen, pantry, cowboy dining room, and porch.</p><br>
<p>Ice house: Made of natural stone.</p><br>
<p>Wash house</p><br>
<p>Cook&#39;s room and commissary</p><br>
<p>Granary</p><br>
<p>Car Shed: Contains a fully restored 1915 Model T Ford</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest is open to the public and is frequented by birdwatchers, school children, and people with an interest in Southwest history. It was the brainchild of Mr. Floyd Johnson, who established the museum "so that the youth of tomorrow may know what it was like yesterday."</p><br>
<p>The San Bernardino Ranch is located at 6153 Geronimo Trail, Douglas, Arizona 85608.</p><br>
<p>Hours: Wednesday through Sunday 9:30 AM – 3:30 PM (closed on Mondays and Tuesdays)</p><br>
<p>Admission: $5.00 per adult; under 14 free</p><br>
<p>Closed on Christmas and New Year&#39;s Day</p><br>
<p>No pets allowed</p><br>
<p>The John R. Oughton House, commonly known as The Lodge or the Keeley Estate, is a Victorian mansion located in the village of Dwight, Illinois, United States. The grounds remain mostly unchanged since the house was moved from its original site in 1894 and remodeled a year later. John R. Oughton occupied the house until his death in 1925, and in 1930, the house became a boarding home for patients of the internationally known Keeley Institute. The Keeley Institute was founded in 1879, in part by Oughton, and utilized a new form of treatment for alcoholism. The estate grounds feature two outbuildings, a carriage house and a windmill, as well as a pond. Since 1978, the Oughton House has been occupied by a private restaurant, but the windmill is owned by the Village of Dwight, and the carriage house is a public library. The Oughton House and its outbuildings were added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In 1879, Dr. Leslie Keeley announced the result of a collaboration with John R. Oughton, which was heralded as a "major discovery" by Keeley. The discovery, a new treatment for alcoholism—developed from a partnership with John Oughton, an Irish chemist, and a merchant named Curtis Judd—resulted in the founding of the Keeley Institute.</p><br>
<p>After Keeley died in 1900, Oughton and Judd took over and continued the Keeley Institute. The institute drew criticism and with Keeley, its primary spokesman and defender, gone, the organization began to fade into national oblivion. By the late 1930s, most physicians believed that "that drunkards are neurotics and cannot be cured by injections." When John R. Oughton died in 1925, his son took over the declining institute. It continued to operate until closing its doors in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Oughton House, known as The Lodge, is a 20 room Victorian mansion located on the south side of the Livingston County village of Dwight, USA. The original building was constructed in 1891 on a different site and moved to the grounds of the Keeley Estate in 1894 to act as a clubhouse for the Keeley Club, an organization of Keeley Institute graduates that first met in the original building on the property and then in the Oughton House, until 1894. At the time of the move the house was known as the Scott House. It was originally constructed as a boarding house for W.T. Scott. In April 1894 the house underwent an elaborate remodeling project which transformed the clubhouse into a home for John R. Oughton. Oughton was one of the founders of the Keeley Institute. At the time of the structure&#39;s renovation, Mrs. Oughton named the house "the Manse."</p><br>
<p>Oughton lived in the home until he died in 1925, at which time his widow had a home built next door and announced that the Oughton House was to become lodging for 40&ndash;50 patients at the Keeley Institute. The conversion for the change took over a year and a half and institute patients moved into the Oughton House on December 24, 1930. Newspaper reports at the time indicated that the remodeling added 15 bedrooms to the house but left the exterior mostly unchanged. In addition, the brick barn was converted into a gymnasium at that time.</p><br>
<p>The John R. Oughton House served as patient housing for the institute until the organization folded in 1965. Following the closing, James Oughton, Jr., grandson of John R. Oughton, opened the Lodge Restaurant. The conversion into a restaurant did not make any substantial changes to the house or its grounds. In 1978 Robert Ohlendorf and his wife purchased and renamed the restaurant, and made extensive changes to the interior which were mindful of the original Victorian architecture. No substantial changes have been made to the exterior, other than to allow access for the disabled.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Victorian style John R. Oughton House was described as handsome and inviting in an 1895 local newspaper article. Elements found within the home include, a slate roof, large windows, colonial piazzas and interior oak, mahogany and birch finishing. The 1895 house included 20 rooms on its first two floors, a number which included servants quarters. In its basement was a bowling alley, dance hall and three storage rooms. The periods of renovation and remodeling have substantially changed the houses interior but its exterior remains largely similar to its original appearance. The Oughton house is of wood frame and Bedford limestone construction.</p><br>
<h2>Windmill</h2><br>
<p>The grounds of the Oughton House also hold a 110 ft windmill tower. The windmill was originally called the Pumping Tower and was constructed by USA Wind, Engine and Pump Company of Batavia, Illinois. The windmill, which provided a water system for the Oughton Estate, has an 840 ft deep well. The original windmill featured an 88 barrel cypress tank at its top and the windmill head, 16 ft across, was one of the largest in the United States at the time of its construction in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Only two owners held the deed to the windmill between 1896 and 2001. The first, the Oughton family, owned the windmill from its construction until 1996. That year, ownership was transferred to Mike and Bev Hogan. The Hogans donated the windmill to the Village of Dwight with the goal of saving the then deteriorating structure.</p><br>
<h2>Other outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>Around the windmill area, while not precisely an outbuilding, is a pond. The grounds remain mostly unchanged, allowing visitors to stroll the area and view the restored windmill and the brick barn that was used as a gymnasium after 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The London Morning News remarked in 1892, "Dwight, Illinois is a small place. Remove Dr. Keeley from Dwight and it would be but a pin mark on the state map." The founding of the Keeley Institute in 1879 by Dr. Leslie Keeley and his associates John R. Oughton and Curtis Judd had great influence on the development of the village of Dwight. The Lodge, first as Oughton&#39;s home and then as the focal point of the internationally known institute has always been one of the most visible reminders in Dwight of the Keeley Institute. The Keeley Institute solidified its place in American culture throughout its period of prominence as several generations of Americans joked about people, especially the rich and famous, who were "taking the Keeley Cure" or had "gone to Dwight."</p><br>
<p>The Oughton House and the surrounding grounds are the only publicly accessible Keeley associated properties remaining in Dwight. Others, such as the Livingston Hotel and the Keeley Building, the latter directly across the street from The Lodge, are privately owned and inaccessible.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Bonita Ranch, founded in 1872 by Henry C. Hooker, is one of the oldest cattle ranches in the United States and the ranch buildings have been designated a National Historic Landmark. It was the first permanent American cattle ranch in Arizona. Hooker bought neighboring ranches until his operation became the largest ranch in Arizona, totaling 800 square miles, or about 30 by. It is located in Sulphur Springs Valley about 27 mi north of present-day Willcox, Arizona. The modern ranch is much smaller but is still operational and owned by Jesse Hooker Davis, the sixth generation to live and work on the ranch.</p><br>
<h2>Founding</h2><br>
<p>Before the arrival of the Spanish, the valley was visited and may have been occupied by Chiricahua Apache. Beginning in about 1775, the Mexican government promoted a policy of Indian appeasement that reduced hostilities. By the early 1800s there were a number of Mexican rancheros in the area that managed thousands of cattle on the open range. As a result of the Mexican Revolution, the settlers in the northern regions lost the governments protection. Apaches stole or killed most of the cattle, and the settlers who didnt returned to the interior of Mexico were killed. By about 1840 the only evidence of their former presence were some ruins and a few herds of wild cattle. The California Gold Rush that began in 1849 drew a large number of people through the area, but by this time only the Apache occupied the area.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the Gold Rush, cattle were primarily valued for their hides and tallow. A mature steer rarely fetched more than $4.00 a head (or about $ today). The miners and merchants who came to California as a result of the Gold Rush fed an explosion in the states population and a concurrent demand for beef. The price of cattle rose up to $75 a head (around $ today). Ranchers could turn a profit driving cattle from as far as Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to California even though the Chiricahua Apaches took many cattle. The ranchers would drive the cattle up Californias Central Valley. Once they arrived in the San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley, they would rent pasture and fatten the cattle up before selling them for a handsome profit.</p><br>
<p>When Hooker arrived in Arizona from California in 1867, he partnered with Captain Hugh Hinds, who Hooker knew from Placerville. Hinds had secured a USA government contract to supply beef to military posts and Indian agencies in Arizona. Hooker visited each agency to assess how much beef each needed. Hooker followed that contract with another by partnering with pioneer cattlemen William B. Hooper and James M. Barney in a similar venture.</p><br>
<p>A family legend says that a herd of cattle stampeded and Hooker&#39;s range hands found the cattle in what later became known as Sulphur Springs Valley. Hooker liked the valley and decided to start a ranch there.</p><br>
<h3>Ranch buildings</h3><br>
<p>Hooker established his ranch in 1872 on the site of a former Spanish hacienda, one of those destroyed by the Apache many years before. His main ranch house was a large, rectangular, U-shaped structure 80 ft by 100 ft surrounding a central patio. The walls were built of two rows of adobe bricks 20 in thick and 16 ft high. To maximize security, none of the building&#39;s outside walls had doors or windows. The only access was through a single gate in a fourth wall, although another door was added in another wall years later when security improved. To maximize self-sufficiency, the patio originally contained a well and a root cellar, but they were later filled in. Hooker developed a relationship with the Apache Indians who used a trail through the valley near his ranch compound. The trail ran between the United States and Mexico, but Hooker rarely had trouble from them.</p><br>
<p>By 1885, Hooker bought other nearby ranches. He built up his herds and brought in expensive bulls and blooded cows. He maintained a dairy herd that kept the ranch supplied with butter and milk. He put in 1,000 acres of alfalfa and timothy, and planted acres of corn and artichokes to use as feed for a large number of well-bred hogs. He had hen houses built to supply the ranch with chickens and eggs. He bought six purebred stallions and ran over 500 brood mares that produced horses that became known for their speed, beauty and temperament.</p><br>
<p>The ranch eventually included lands in Graham and Cochise Counties. It became the largest ranch in Arizona, totaling 800 square miles. Hooker was committed to quality livestock and in the 1880s he improved his herds by importing Hereford graded stock. He was noted for breeding some of the best cattle, horses, sheep, and dogs in the country.</p><br>
<p>Hooker built a number of other buildings that still survive, including the original barn, built of adobe and wood. It was decorated in 1972 with the words “Sierra Bonita Ranch 1872”, in honor of the ranchs centennial. North of the main house is a weather-worn adobe bunkhouse with a tin roof and a large adobe corral for storing hay. Other historic corrals at the ranch are made of adobe and wooden planks. Some of the older structures have become unusable, but due to the limitations imposed by the National Historic Structures designation, Davis doesnt want to spend money to rebuild them.</p><br>
<h3>Ranch social life</h3><br>
<p>The ranch became a social center in the southeastern Arizona Territory. Hooker hosted politicians, government and military officials, artists, writers, and scientists. When invited to dinner, everyone was required to wear a coat, and Hooker kept a few extra on hand for guests who didnt have one. Hooker always dressed like an Eastern gentleman and never wore cowboy clothing, even when on the range. Playwright Augustus Thomas set his play Arizona at the ranch and based the two primary characters Canby and Bonita on Hookers family.</p><br>
<h3>Geography and water supply</h3><br>
<p>The valley is at 4,000 ftelevation, allowing the ranch to escape extremes of heat and cold, and thus provided an ideal breeding range. The plentiful water supply included five springs, creeks that flowed in the spring and fall, and abundant, shallow groundwater easily tapped by wells. In case of drought, Hooker had ditches dug that brought water from the mountains to reservoirs on his ranch. Control of a reliable water source gave Hooker the ability to control a range approximately 30 mi long and 30 mi wide.</p><br>
<h3>Cattle operations</h3><br>
<p>Hooker became the largest supplier of beef to the military in the Arizona Territory. Hooker Initially suffered heavy losses, both in personnel and supplies, due to Apache raids. Hooker originally stocked his ranch with Texas Longhorns and low-grade Mexican corrientes before replacing them with Durham cattle.</p><br>
<p>He gradually built his holdings until he controlled 250,000 acre that carried 20,000 head. In the Arizona Territory from 1873–91, cattle herds grew from 40,000 to 1.5 million head. When he died in 1907, Hooker was still the cattle king of Arizona.</p><br>
<h2>Present operations</h2><br>
<p>The Sierra Bonita Ranch was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. It is among the oldest ranches in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It remains an operating cattle ranch and is owned as of 2012 by Jesse Hooker Davis, great-great-great-grandson of Henry Hooker, who took over management from his grandmother, Jacqueline Hooker Hughes. The ranch currently includes 45,000 acres, about one-fifth the size of the operation under its founder, Henry Hooker. Some of the land was lost to homesteaders allowed on the property in the early 20th century by the federal government, and some has been portioned off to other family members. The property currently includes only two of the original five wells, and the ranch no longer includes any of the mountain ranges and their water supplies.</p><br>
<p>The adobe ranch house has been remodeled inside, but it still retains the fortress-like appearance of early days. It is shaded by giant cottonwoods and surrounded by the original adobe corrals, bunkhouses, and barns. The integrity of the site is exceptional for three reasons: Continuity, appearance of the buildings, and the same setting that first attracted Col. Hooker. The ranch is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Ventana Cave  is an archaeological site in southern Arizona. It is located on the Tohono Oodham Indian Reservation. The cave was excavated by Emil Haury and Julian Hayden in 1941-42. The deepest artifacts from Ventana Cave were recovered from a layer of volcanic debris that also contained Pleistocene horse, Burdens pronghorn, tapir, sloth, and other extinct and modern species. A projectile point from the volcanic debris layer was compared to the Folsom Tradition and later to the Clovis culture, but the assemblage was peculiar enough to warrant a separate name – the Ventana Complex. Radiocarbon dates from the volcanic debris layer indicated an age of about 11,300 BP.</p><br>
<p>Bruce Huckell and C. Vance Haynes restudied the Ventana Cave stratigraphy and artifact assemblage in 1992-1994. New radiocarbon dates and reanalysis of the artifacts indicates that the volcanic debris layer was laid down between 10,500-8,800 BP. Huckel & Haynes hypothesized that vertical turbation (postdepositional disturbance) is responsible for Haury&#39;s original interpretation that these extinct fauna were killed with stone tools. "This turbation may have led to the incorporation of bones of extinct fauna from an underlying conglomerate deposit rich in horse remains, creating the impression of their association with artifacts". Huckel & Haynes believe the Ventana Complex is post-Clovis, and not closely related.Bruce B. Huckell and C. Vance Haynes, Jr., 2003, The Ventana Complex: New Dates and New Ideas on Its Place in Early Holocene Western Prehistory, American Antiquity, Vol. 68, No. 2 (Apr., 2003), pp. 353-371</p><br>
<p>Ventana Cave was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Yuma Crossing is a site in Arizona and California that is significant for its association with transportation and communication across the Colorado River. It connected New Spain and Las Californias in the Spanish Colonial period in and also during the Western expansion of the United States. Features of the Arizona side include the Yuma Quartermaster Depot and Yuma Territorial Prison. Features on the California Side include Fort Yuma, which protected the area from 1850 to 1885.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the Yuma Crossing began at the formation of two massive granite outcroppings on the Colorado River. The narrowing of the river provided the only crossing point for a thousand miles, thus making it a focal point for the Patayan tribes, and later the Quechan.</p><br>
<p>In 1540, well before the British Europeans touched Plymouth Rock in 1620, Yuma’s European history began here with the arrival of Spanish explorer Hernando de Alarcon. It was not until after the 17th and 18th century explorations of the padres Kino and Garcés that the crossing came to be used by the Spanish expeditions of Anza and others along this route from 1774. This route, sometimes called the Sonora Road, ran from the Spanish Tubac Presidio, in Sonora to Alta California. An attempt to establish missions and colonize the area of the crossing was made by the Spanish soon after but it failed, when the formerly friendly Quechan were angered to the point of a violent revolt that ended the missions, the colony and the use of the land route until the 19th century. Mexican expeditions mollified the Quechan and persuaded them to allow the use of the crossings, reopening the Sonora Road to Alta California from the later 1820&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Much later the Yuma Crossing became the focal point for travel to the Wild West, from the 1840s California Gold Rush era to the arrival of the railroad in the 1877, and finally the Ocean-to-Ocean Bridge, which linked the East coast and the West coast in one land route.</p><br>
<p>Immediately after the Mexican–American War in 1848, the USA Army built Fort Yuma here to protect travelers from Indians raiding the area. It was the center point of conflict in the Yuma War of 1850–53. From 1864–1890, the fort and nearby facilities was the main army base to support the US Army&#39;s efforts to control the Indians throughout the greater southwest.</p><br>
<p>At about the same time, the Butterfield Stage established a stagecoach station here for their main line coming from the east to California.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966, under the name Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites.</p><br>
<h2>National Heritage Area</h2><br>
<p>The Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area, located at Yuma Crossing, is a USA National Heritage Area. It was the only lower Colorado River crossing point in the 18th and 19th centuries for non-Native American travelers and immigrants. The Heritage Area is part of the Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites on the National Register of Historic Places and a National Historic Landmark, in Arizona and California.</p><br>
<p>As with other USA National Heritage Areas, the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area is a local entity in partnership with various stakeholders. At Yuma Crossing, the stakeholders are particularly diverse, including Indian tribes, agricultural interests, environmental and wildlife non-profit organizations, as well as many federal, states, and local agencies.</p><br>
<h3>History park</h3><br>
<p>The Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area includes the Yuma Quartermaster Depot State Historic Park (formerly known as Yuma Crossing State Historic Park), the Yuma Territorial Prison, Fort Yuma, and other sites, all showcasing the area&#39;s history. They are amidst the beautiful and vital Yuma East and West Wetlands, and against the silhouetted backdrops of the Castle Dome, Chocolate (Arizona) and Chocolate (California) Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The heritage area’s interpretive themes include Yuma’s importance as a cultural crossroads, emphasizing the region’s intersection of three major cultures: Anglo-American, Native American, and Hispanic-Latino. The heritage area recognizes that this rich blend of traditions can best be sustained by their continued expression through architecture, art, music, food, and folkways within the heritage area.</p><br>
<h2>Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Yuma Crossing is one of the designated tour sights of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a National Park Service unit in the United States National Historic Trail and National Millennium Trail programs. A and detailed, with a and the are all available for information about the historic 1776 Juan Bautista de Anza trail places.</p><br>
<h2>Habitat restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Yuma Heritage Area has championed a wetland and riparian habitat restoration project for the East Wetlands, including returning the Colorado&#39;s water flow, in a multiyear, multimillion-dollar effort. In 2004, heritage area partners secured a Clean Water Act permit from the USA Army Corps of Engineers to begin restoration work. More than 200 acre of nonnative invasive species vegetation have been removed and more than 130 acre have been replanted with cottonwoods, willow, mesquite, native bunchgrasses, and palo verde trees. A one-mile (1.6 km) length of back channel has also been excavated, and some 20,000 new trees were planted in 2006.</p><br>
<p>To date, ten different funding sources have provided almost $6 million toward the eventual goal of $18–20 million to complete the project. The current executive director of the heritage area is Charles W. Flynn.</p><br>
<h3>Area plant life</h3><br>
<p>Fremont cottonwood – Populus fremontii</p><br>
<p>Catclaw Acacia – Acacia greggii</p><br>
<p>Blue Palo Verde – Parkinsonia florida</p><br>
<p>Velvet mesquite – Prosopis velutina</p><br>
<p>Screwbean Mesquite – Prosopis pubescens – "Tornillo"</p><br>
<p>Honey Mesquite – Prosopis glandulosa</p><br>
<p>Goodding&#39;s black willow – Salix gooddingii</p><br>
<p>Arroyo Willow – Salix lasiolepis</p><br>
<p>Navajo Nation Council Chambers  is the center of government for the Navajo Nation. The landmark building, in Window Rock, Arizona, is significant for its association with the 1930s New Deal, and its change in Federal policy for relations with Native Americans, as established in the Indian Reorganization Act. With its red sandstone façade and overall rustic architectural style, the chamber was designed to harmonize with its spectacular natural surroundings.</p><br>
<p>Built from 1934 to 1935, the chamber’s octagon shape and structural framework are meant to evoke a monumental hogan, the traditional building form of the Navajo people. Additionally, the building incorporates the Navajo ceremonial features of an east-facing main entrance and a windowless north wall. The Navajo artist Gerald Nailor, Sr. was commissioned in 1942 for a mural cycle depicting The History and Progress of the Navajo Nation, which is installed in the interior.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2004. It is "the only legislative headquarters in the United States owned by an American Indian tribe which has been continuously in use by that tribe and whose design incorporates indigenous materials and architectural traditions tied to the Navajo heritage."</p><br>
<p>The River Cong  is a river in Ireland. Rising in the village of Cong, County Mayo. It is the outflow from Lough Mask, further to the north, that escapes through huge fissures in the cavernous limestone of the district and rises again in the village of Cong. It is about one mile long. The river is some 100 yards wide in places, and divided by an island at one point. It pushes down strongly past Ashford Castle. The River Cong has a mean flow rate of 37.6 m/s</p><br>
<p>The river is popular with fishermen having an excellent run of spring salmon. Fishing can start on opening day if the water is not too high. The peak of the spring run is in April and then the grilse come in May. June is particularly good, as is early July, and salmon are taken here in lesser numbers for the rest of the season. The river also holds excellent stocks of brown trout.</p><br>
<h2>Cong Canal</h2><br>
<p>In 1848 there was an attempt to link Lough Mask and Lough Corrib with a canal, running to the east of the river. The work continued during summer months for five years but was badly managed. Although all three miles of excavation and two of the three locks were completed the project was stopped in 1854. Swallow holes had been found in the limestone and these were later blamed for the abandonment by Sir William Wilde in his book about Lough Corrib, although the canal was never watered. Competition from the railways was probably a more important reason.</p><br>
<p>Taras Hill or Chernecha Hora  is a hill on the bank of the Dnieper near Kaniv in Ukraine and an important landmark of the Shevchenko National Preserve where the remains of the famous Ukrainian poet and artist Taras Shevchenko have been buried since 1861. The original site of Shevchenkos burial is the Smolensky Cemetery in St. Petersburg and later his body was moved to the banks of Dnieper.</p><br>
<p>The hill formerly belonged to Kaniv&#39;s Holy Dormition monastery (Eastern Orthodox) that existed here since the 11th century. The monastery was the burial place of several hetmans of Ukraine: Ivan Pidkova, Samiylo Kishka and others.</p><br>
<p>Due to the 100th Anniversary of Shevchenko birth, in 1914 the Russian government dispatched gendarmes and cossacks to prevent pilgrimage to the burial.</p><br>
<p>Since 1923 the hill was part of the Kaniv Nature Preserve. In 1926 there was created the special Kaniv Museum-Preserve of Shevchenko. In 1939 a Russian sculptor Matvey Manizer (architect Yevgeniy Levinson) created the bronze statue that along with newly built museum building built by Ukrainian architects Vasyl Krychevsky and Petro Kostyrko became the main features of the location.</p><br>
<p>It was on the Taras Hill that Oleksa Hirnyk burned himself to death in protest of Soviet suppression of the Ukrainian language, culture and history in 1978. It happened on the 60th anniversary of the initial declaration of Ukrainian independence in 1918.</p><br>
<p>At present, the mount belongs to the Shevchenko National Preserve dedicated to the poet and is a place of mass visits from all over the country and abroad. A Church in memory of Taras Shevchenko (Tarasova Cerkva) is planned to be built here.</p><br>
<p>Chernecha Hora is considered to be a historical, natural and cultural monument of All-Ukrainian importance and national relic of Ukraine.</p><br>
<p>The Hampshire County Courthouse is a Neoclassical edifice in the center of downtown Romney, county seat of Hampshire County, West Virginia. The present building was constructed in 1922 to replace the previous 1833 Neoclassical courthouse that had been destroyed by fire in 1921. The original bell from the 1833 courthouse hangs in the domed bell tower.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War history</h2><br>
<p>During the Civil War, John Baker White was the Clerk of Court for the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>No court proceedings convened in Hampshire County between 1861 and 1864 and the county&#39;s courthouse was utilized as a stable by Union soldiers stationed in Romney during the war.</p><br>
<p>Upon learning of this, White was again concerned for the safety of the countys records and proceeded to load land registration records ledger books onto wagons and had them transported to Winchester for safekeeping. White selected for transport only the bound volumes of records which included "deed books, wills, and settlements of estates" and kept the unbound paper records in the courthouse, thus separating them so that the entirety of the countys records could not be destroyed by Union forces. White likely chose to transport the bound volumes of records, as the loose paper records would have been more cumbersome to keep together.</p><br>
<p>In 1863, when Winchester was no longer a safe location for the storage of Hampshire Countys records and they again risked destruction by Union Army forces, When Front Royal became endangered by advancing Union Army forces, Captain White had the records moved to Luray Caverns where they remained for several months. In the Fall of 1864, the countys record books were rescued by Captain White and his company as Union Army troops were in the process of destroying them. Captain Whites company loaded about 150 record books into a wagon and they were taken to North Carolina where they remained safely for the duration of the war. Hampshire Countys land records survived and were returned to the courthouse following the conclusion of the American Civil War, likely by a soldier returning to the area from North Carolina. Had White not separated the records and sent the bound volumes away for safekeeping, Hampshire County would have lost all its records during the course of the war, as those that remained in the courthouse were destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Miscellany</h2><br>
<p>The original cast iron fence that surrounded the 1833 courthouse was removed during reconstruction of the present courthouse and relocated to the Hiett Graveyard on North River between the communities of North River Mills and Pleasant Dale.</p><br>
<p>Frøya is an island in the western part of Bremanger Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 15 km&sup2; island is located just to the southwest of the big island of Bremangerlandet and its highest point is Fanneskarvarden at an elevation of 378 m.</p><br>
<p>Almost all the residents of the island live on the southeastern shore. The island contains the main village of Kalvåg as well as the minor settlements of Liset, Steinset, Nesje, Stranda, and Frøyalandet. Frøya is located on the northern side of the Frøysjøen strait, which is part of the seaway between the towns of Florø and Måløy. The island is connected to the nearby island of Bremangerlandet by a series of small bridges, and Bremangerlandet is connected to the mainland via an undersea tunnel and a bridge.</p><br>
<p>The population (2001) of the island of Frøya (including the small nearby islets) is about 560. The main industries on the island are tourism and fish processing. Frøya Church is located on the southeastern side of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Although Frøya is the name of the Norse goddess Frøya or Freya (Freyja), the Old Norse form of the name was Frøy or Frey. Therefore the name of the island has probably the same root as the name of the Norse god Freyr, brother of Freyja. The names originally were titles: "lord"/"master" or "lady"/"mistress". The oldest meaning of the common word was "(the one) in front; the foremost, the leading" and here in the sense "the island in front of Bremanger".</p><br>
<p>The Colden Mansion Ruins are located in the Town of Montgomery, New York, United States, along NY 17K, at the intersection of Stone Castle Road and Route 17K. The stone walls and foundations, still visible in the woods just off the road, are all that still stands from the house built in 1767 by Cadwallader Colden Jr., son of Cadwallader Colden. The entire area, once the 3,000-acre  family farm, is still known as Coldenham and East Coldenham, and the Colden Family Cemetery is approximately a mile  to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>The Colden family owned the house until the mid-19th century when they sold it. In 1940, the Metropolitan Museum of Art acquired some of the original wooden paneling which is now displayed in the museum&#39;s Verplanck Room.</p><br>
<p>The site was one of the first properties identified by the town when it enacted its first local historic preservation ordinance in 1997. In 2000, the town added it to its own listing of historic properties.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, after the construction of Route 747 nearby and the completion of other Stewart Airport access improvements, including the re-routing of the southern end of Stone Castle Road a hundred feet (30 m) westward, away from the ruins, to form a four-way intersection with 747.</p><br>
<p>As part of that construction, the state acquired the mansion property and turned it over to the town, which wants to make the area a park. It is exploring grant opportunities to preserve the property.</p><br>
<p>Maxwelton is a historic single-story house in Memphis, Tennessee, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only extant example in Memphis of a Victorian piano box house. It is currently a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The piano box house is a vernacular architectural style found in houses built in Middle and West Tennessee, from the mid-19th century into the early part of the 20th century. These one-story houses acquired the name "piano box" from their shape, which was seen to resemble that of a rectangular grand piano.</p><br>
<p>Maxwelton was built around 1860 from Tennessee native Poplar and Cypress woods. It features a long recessed central porch between two flanking parlors. The interior of the home has 14 ft ceilings. Its floors are made from 4 inch pine boards. There are five fireplaces with wooden mantels and some have ornately tiled hearths. It is named after a famed estate in Scotland.</p><br>
<p>Judge John Louis Taylor Sneed purchased the home in 1874. The home has been in the Sneed - Ewell family for four generations. Upon Judge Sneeds death, his wife inherited Maxwelton. Since the couple had no children, after her death the home was passed to her nephew, John Sneed Webb and then to Webbs daughter, Kathleen. In 1918 Kathleen was married in the home to Arthur Peyton Ewell and they had two sons, Arthur Webb Ewell and John Sneed Ewell, both of whom were born in Maxwelton&#39;s west bedroom.</p><br>
<p>Maxwelton was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>For the theater in Hoosier Theater in Whiting, Indiana see Hoosier Theater Building</p><br>
<p>The Hoosier Theatre is a 225-seat historic theatre located at 209 Ferry Street in Vevay, Switzerland County, Indiana. It was built in 1837 as a warehouse and store to serve the town&#39;s large Ohio River traffic. Over the years it has housed a saddlery, the local post office, a tavern, the offices of the Vevay Newspaper, and a theatre, which it became in 1926. It was abandoned in 1955 and sat vacant until 1983, when Historic Vevay, Inc., a not-for-profit corporation was formed to purchase and restore the building. It re-opened in 1987 and continues to operate.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Joule Hotel is a five-star, 164-room boutique hotel developed by Headington Hotels. Located at 1530 Main Street, between Akard Street and Ervay Street, the building was constructed in 1927 as the Dallas National Bank Building, and was known later as the SPG Building. Positioned at the end of Stone Street Plaza, it is centralized in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas, and is one of two Gothic high-rises in the city, along with the Kirby Building. The Dallas National Bank completed construction of the office building in 1927.</p><br>
<p>It has garnered acclaim for its 10th floor pool that cantilevers eight feet over the easement below. The architect of the project was ARCHITEXAS (Architecture, Planning and Historic Preservation, Inc.) in Dallas.</p><br>
<p>The hotel interior was developed by world-renowned designer, Adam Tihany, and the lobby level is home to the highly acclaimed CBD Provisions restaurant.</p><br>
<p>From 2005 through 2007, evidence of a fire was discovered during ongoing renovations of the building next to the Joule. According to pictures available at the Dallas Public Library, in 1951, a significant fire occurred at the National Shirt Shop and Manuel&#39;s Cleaners, former businesses directly to the East of the Dallas National Bank building. Additional historic images of the Dallas National Bank building are available through the Dallas Public Library dating back to 1927. Search "Main" (as in Main Street) and "Dallas National Bank" on the "digital collection" of the Dallas Public Library online catalog for additional images.</p><br>
<p>In the city of Comodoro Rivadavia in the south of Argentina, we can find an important and picturesque elevation which divides the town in two, the Chenque hill. The city business district area lies at the foot of the hill. Its summit reaches 212 mts.  above sea level and the panoramic view from the top is amazing.</p><br>
<p>According to researchers the name “Chenque” belongs to language of the “native Pehuenche” and some possible meanings are:</p><br>
<p>• Native cemetery or burial.</p><br>
<p>• Rock house or cave in hard rock (in which they buried the dead)</p><br>
<p>• Funeral knoll formed with rocks.</p><br>
<p>Legend says that any person who digs objects from the Chenque hill, cemetery of the old aborigines, will get 100-year punishment for them and their family. Apparently those who have taken out arrows, bones and pots died soon or remained damned.</p><br>
<p>It is also said that any person who visits the Chenque hill and rubs their hands with its clay and sandy dust will return to the region. It is because they will receive a call from the spirit of natives buried there.</p><br>
<p>At the moment the Chenque hill is a reason of concern for its slips, mainly in the so-called area "Infiernillo" (literally Little Hell).</p><br>
<p>Ingleborough Cave  is a show cave close to the village of Clapham, North Yorkshire, England adjacent to where the water from Gaping Gill resurges.</p><br>
<p>That part of the cave which is open to the public follows a fossil gallery for some 500 m. The passage is spacious, and well decorated with stalagmitic formations.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the show cave, the fossil gallery continues until it meets the main stream. The water can be followed upstream through passages under Trow Gill, to where it emerges from a sump at Terminal Lake which has been connected by divers to Gaping Gill, and followed downstream into Lake Pluto which has been connected by divers to Beck Head Stream Cave.</p><br>
<p>A connection has also been made with Fox Holes, a cave near Trow Gill.</p><br>
<p>A small stream in the show cave drops into a rift called the Abyss. An underwater connection has been made between the passage at the bottom and Beck Head Cave, the resurgence for the Gaping Gill water.</p><br>
<p>Mount Tarumae is located in the Shikotsu-Toya National Park in Hokkaidō, Japan. It is located near both Tomakomai and Chitose towns and can be seen clearly from both. It is on the shores of Lake Shikotsu, a caldera lake. Tarumae is a 1,041 metre active andesitic stratovolcano, with a lava dome.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>The most recent eruption, in 1982, was a phreatic eruption. Previous major eruptions have occurred in 1667, 1739 (plinian eruption of VEI 5), and 1909. The 1667 and 1739 eruptions were responsible for its present shape. Other eruptions were in 1919–21, 1923, 1926, 1933, 1936, 1944, 1951, 1953–55, and 1978.</p><br>
<p>Tarumae is an A rank volcano — most likely to erupt in the relatively near future.</p><br>
<h2>Hokkaido Natural Monument</h2><br>
<p>Designated as a Hokkaido Natural Monument, it is popular as an easy climb for hikers who may start at the seventh station and then take an hour to reach the crater.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of Tarumae on the north-west side one can find an impressive moss-covered cavern (Koke-no-domon).</p><br>
<p>The San Jorge Gulf  is a bay in southern Patagonia, Argentina. It is an ocean basin opening to the Atlantic. Its shoreline spans Chubut and Santa Cruz province. The gulf measures approximately 142 mi at its mouth and covers approximately 39 km&sup2;. It is located between Cape Dos Bahías and Cape Tres Puntas.</p><br>
<p>Due to its geography, more than 70% of the gulf&#39;s basin is between 70 m and 100 m deep. To the south it is about 50 m 60 m deep and in the north 90 m. The seabed was formed by bivalves and cirripedial remains, and it consists of mud, sand, gravel, and sand with carbonate.</p><br>
<p>The mean water temperature varies between 5.09 &deg;C and 13.41 &deg;C; salinity is around 33000 ppm.</p><br>
<h2>Population centers</h2><br>
<p>Approximately 90% of Chubut Province&#39;s inhabitants live on the coast of the gulf. Comodoro Rivadavia and Caleta Olivia are two larger cities along the coast. Each having ports with oil buoys and fishing facilities.</p><br>
<p>The fishing towns of Camarones and the seaside resort Rada Tilly also lie along the gulf.</p><br>
<h2>Industrial production</h2><br>
<h3>Fishing activities</h3><br>
<p>Comodoro Rivadavia is ranked within the national and international market as a center of lobsters and spider crabs. Numerous fishing ports function along the bay, as with wharves and marinas for sport fishing and related activities.</p><br>
<h3>Industry</h3><br>
<p>There is a very good quality metallurgy industry along the bay, much of it related to oil exploration and extraction. The non-conventional resource of a wind farm which provides energy is in its first stages of testing, and once passed, the system will totally be integrated to the main network.</p><br>
<h3>Mining</h3><br>
<p>The petroleum industry, based on value, is the most important activity along the bay. Oil was discovered here in 1903, and the area remains the nation&#39;s second most significant source of oil. The city of Comodoro Rivadavia is the hub of these activities along the bay, including refineries and other development and manufacturing facilities.</p><br>
<p>The typical shape of pumping equipment, commonly named "Pumpjack," can be seen along much of the plateau of Patagonia. These wells productions supply a large percentage of the national consumption, which has hovered around half a million barrels daily since the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>Energy</h3><br>
<p>The production of oil and gas in the San Jorge Gulf covers 5% of the area&#39;s economy. The region is also working on alternative sources of energy such as wind power, hydrogen-based energy and a very incipient activity in the development of biofuel.</p><br>
<p>Wind power generation represents 16% of the energy supply that Comodoro Rivadavia requires. That is satisfied through 18 wind turbines located on Arenales Hill, 14 km away from Comodoro Rivadavia. The wind farm Antonio Morán is the largest in Argentina and the second largest in South America.</p><br>
<p>The issues regarding hydrogen-based energy are under research in Pico Truncado city, Santa Cruz province, where there is an experimental center.</p><br>
<p>Another area under research is the production of biofuel from algae of which the results are expected in the long-term. develops projects related to renewable and non-renewable energies.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The coast of San Jorge Gulf marks the start of the ocean-to-ocean corridor, a 517 km stretch of land that connects the city of Comodoro Rivadavia in Chubut, Argentina with Chacabuco Port in Chile. This connection is important for commerce and tourism.</p><br>
<p>Comodoro Rivadavia is an important city in the zone. It has some museums as the Oil Museum, which is located in General Mosconi neighborhood, and the Astra Museum, located in Astra neighbourhood, about 20 kilometres away from the downtown.</p><br>
<p>Migratory Southern Right Whales can be witnessed from shores.</p><br>
<h3>Rada Tilly</h3><br>
<p>Rada Tilly is a small town close to the city of Comodoro Rivadavia. Its most important sight is the beach and the variety of activities that you can do there, for example swimming, fishing, windsurfing and scuba diving or just spending some outdoor time at the beach.</p><br>
<p>There also is a small sea lion reservation, a place where families of sea lions can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Cardome Centre is a historic property located in Georgetown, Kentucky along the north fork of Elkhorn Creek. The 87 acre currently houses a community center for Georgetown. Previously the property was home to several famous people including Kentucky Governor James F. Robinson. More recently the site was the location of a girl&#39;s academy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For his military service, Colonel John Floyd was granted by the State of Virginia a total of 1,000 acre, which included the Cardome property. The first structure was built by the Bradford family in 1821. James F. Robinson, who was governor of Kentucky during the American Civil War, made his home on the land. His home burned in 1987 and was torn down.</p><br>
<p>From 1896 to 1987, the Sisters of Visitation owned the property and had a prestigious girls&#39; academy on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>Cardome Centre is now owned by the City of Georgetown after Toyota made a million dollar gift for the purpose of establishing a community center for the people of Georgetown.</p><br>
<p>Jabal al-Tair Island  is a roughly oval volcanic island northwest of the constricted Bab al-Mandab passage at the mouth of the Red Sea, about halfway between Yemen and Eritrea. From 1996 until it erupted in 2007, Yemen maintained two watchtowers and a small military base on the island.</p><br>
<p>After 124 years of dormancy, the volcano that created the island erupted on 30 September 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is roughly oval, about 3 km long, and 3.9 km&sup2; in area. It lies nearly halfway between Yemen 115 km to the east and Eritrea about 150 km south west. It is about 82 km from the Yemeni Kamaran Island; the Saudi Arabian Farasan Islands lie to the north east.</p><br>
<p>The island comprises the basaltic stratovolcano Jabal al-Tair (Tair Mountain; جبل الطير Jabal aṭ-Ṭayr, literally, "Bird Mountain") rising from seabed some 1,200 m below the surface of the Red Sea, continuing for 244 m (801 feet) above the surface up to the summit of the crater. The volcano was considered "recently extinct" by 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was the northernmost known Holocene volcano in the Red Sea, with one central vent, Jebel Duchan. It lies in the volcanic and geologically active region of the Red Sea Rift, the divergent boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 the British Admiralty described the island as having no natural water supply, and having a high conical peak rising above a basalt bluff some 300 ft above a gradual littoral. The prominent profile made it an ideal landmark for Red Sea shipping, and the steep drop-off below sea level meant that it might be safely run for.</p><br>
<p>The island has no settled population, but some parts of the island have allowed for the seasonal presence of fishermen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the past, the island, formerly known as Saiban,</p><br>
<p>was an important navigational marker for the shipping lanes that passed nearby. Historically, the Ottoman Empire controlled the Red Sea islands, and granted a French company a lighthouse concession. British forces occupied the island in 1915, but sovereignty was deliberately left indeterminate. After a period of French-British operation the lighthouse concession passed to a British company, then to Yemen.</p><br>
<p>Sovereignty of the island was long disputed among Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Yemen. Under a 1962 agreement, lighthouses were maintained on the island at the cost of shippers. In 1973, Yemen had notified Ethiopia of its intent to perform an aerial survey, and an ambiguous response by Ethiopia was later a point of contention; Ethiopia designated the islands in the area as having "no recognized owner".</p><br>
<p>The dispute, after Eritrea&#39;s 1993 independence from Ethiopia, erupted into the 1995 Hanish islands crisis regarding the Hanish Islands and Zuqar Island.</p><br>
<p>A 1998-99 international case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration awarded various islands to Eritrea and Yemen respectively.</p><br>
<p>Yemen maintained a military base on the island from the dispute with Eritrea in 1996 until the 2007 eruption. There are or were two watchtowers for control and observation of the large warships, cargo ships, and oil tankers that pass by.</p><br>
<h2>2007 eruption</h2><br>
<p>The volcano erupted at 7 p.m. local time on 30 September 2007, throwing lava and ash hundreds of meters into the air. Subsequently, at least one stream of lava was seen flowing down into the sea. It was reported that 29 Yemeni soldiers (around 50 according to one report) were evacuated from the island shortly before the eruption, but 8 were unaccounted for. Several bodies were recovered from the water.</p><br>
<p>It was reported that the western part of the island, where the Yemeni military base was, had collapsed.</p><br>
<p>Yemeni authorities requested help from a nearby NATO naval force, and the nearest ship, a United States Naval vessel USS Bainbridge, was reported to be aiding the Yemeni coastguard.</p><br>
<p>Other ships from NATO Standing NRF Maritime Group 1 assisted in the rescue and recovery effort, including HMCS Toronto; the Bainbridge and Toronto each rescued one survivor. The Portuguese frigate NRP Álvares Cabral and the Dutch frigate HNLMS Evertsen were first on the scene.</p><br>
<p>Both survivors were rescued after over 20 hours in the water, just as the task force was preparing to close down its search. A Canadian officer described a "spectacular backdrop of erupting lava and shooting flames" faced by search parties in small boats.</p><br>
<p>Several minor earthquakes ranging from 2 to 3.6 on the moment magnitude scale were reported near the island in the two weeks before the eruption.</p><br>
<p>Earlier documented eruptions of this volcano include several reported in the 18th and 19th centuries, the most recent (before 2007) in 1883, and possibly one in 1332.</p><br>
<p>A Yemeni government geologist expects the volcano to "take time to calm down",</p><br>
<p>but shipping, including tankers carrying 3 million barrels of oil, that pass through the Red Sea daily, have not been affected.</p><br>
<p>In December 2007 it was reported that activity on the island had increased and fishermen were warned to avoid the area.</p><br>
<p>The Flatiron Hotel is located at 1722 St. Mary&#39;s Avenue in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Designed by architect George Prinz and originally constructed in 1912 as an office building, in 1914 it was renovated for use as a hotel. Today the building serves as office and commercial space, as well as housing an upscale restaurant, Flatiron Cafe, in downtown Omaha. The Flatiron Hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Drawing upon the original Flatiron Building in New York City, Augustus F. Kountze, a local banker and landowner, had the building erected as commercial and office space in 1912. The building, designed in the Georgian Revival style, is one of Omaha&#39;s most distinctive buildings. It has four stories with a circular tower at the point of the triangle, and is highlighted by decorative brickwork. There is limestone trim around the entire building, with a brown brick exterior on the whole building.</p><br>
<p>The Magnolia Hotel, formerly known as the Aquila Court Building and before that as the Sheraton Omaha, is located at 1615 Howard Street in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1923, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Designed by architectural firm Holabird and Roach for capitalists Chester and Raymond Cook of Chicago, the Aquila Court Building was built in a "U" shape and designed after the Bargello in Italy. The faces of George and Aquila Cook were emblazoned on the front of the building. A mixed-use building from its inception, the building&#39;s interior courtyard featured extensive landscape gardening. The original garden design resembled an Italian formal garden with stone paths, pools with goldfish, canals and numerous plants. A four-story building, the original design included court-level commercial space and studio apartments, as well as office space.</p><br>
<p>The building has undergone several major renovations. In 1972 the gardens were removed and completely covered with marble slabs and fountains. In 1996 it was renovated by the Sheraton corporation and in 2006 by the Magnolia Hotels chain.</p><br>
<p>Long Cay  is an island in the Bahamas in an atoll that includes Acklins Island and Crooked Island. It is 8 square miles  and is in the Acklins and Crooked Islands District., its population was 29.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Long Cay lies to the west of a shallow lagoon called the Bight of Acklins and is an extension of the western arm of Crooked Island, separated from it by a channel about one mile wide. The main town is Albert Town, now largely a ghost town. Douglas Town was another former settlement only about 500 meters from Albert Town. Great Salt Pond lies in the middle of the island. The southernmost point is known as Windsor Point, called Cabo Hermoso by bucket list.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 19 October 1492, Long Cay was discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage to the New World and he named it Ysabela.</p><br>
<p>Albert Town became port in the sponge and salt industries and a port of call for the Hamburg America Line and the Pacific Mail Steamship Company to recruit stevedore labour.</p><br>
<p>The Kendall County Courthouse is a former courthouse in Yorkville, Kendall County, Illinois, United States. The original building was completed in 1864 but was later destroyed by fire. A replica of the Italianate structure was erected in 1887. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the Kendall County Courthouse began in 1862 in Yorkville, Illinois on a bluff overlooking the Fox River. The limestone and brick building was completed in 1864 and went into service as the primary judiciary building for Kendall County. The original completed structure stood four and a half stories tall including its two-story cupola.</p><br>
<p>At about 4 a.m on March 25, 1887 the courthouse was struck by fire. Yorkville, without a fire department at the time, was forced to rely upon railroad water cars from nearby Aurora to extinguish any blazes. Citizens of Yorkville rescued the sheriff, his family and two prisoners being held in the jail. Though the exact cause of the fire was never determined, it is believed to have started in a coal stove in the sheriff&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>The railroad cars did not arrive to Yorkville in time and the building was almost completely destroyed. The fire left only the exterior walls standing.</p><br>
<p>The population of Kendall County grew and in 1958 the courthouse expanded with the addition of two wings to the building, on the east and west sides of the structure. The building stayed in use as the courthouse until 1998, when a new facility was built. Between 1998 and 2000 the Kendall County Courthouse stood vacant until a restoration project started in 2000. The restoration included the installation of a replica of the cupola that was removed in 1920 and renovation of the historic courtroom. As of 2008, the courtroom and some meeting room serves as rental space for reunions and conferences.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original building was a prominent example of Italianate architecture which the 1887 rebuild was designed to replicate. The original design was drafted by architect O.S. Kinnie, he died in 1869 and is credited with designing dozens of courthouses and public buildings in Ohio, Illinois and Indiana. No photos of the original building exist and the known descriptions come from new reports and government meeting minutes. The redesign was done by Henry Hebbard.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Kendall County Courthouse is locally important for its contributions to government and politics in the area. Many decisions were made within the building that shaped the future of Kendall County. The courthouse was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 12, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Holmöarna  is an island group in the Kvarken narrows of the Gulf of Bothnia between Sweden and Finland. The islands form part of Umeå Municipality in Västerbotten County. The islands have 75 year-round inhabitants and the largest islands are Holmön, Ängesön, Grossgrunden, Holmögadd and Lilla and Stora Fjäderägg. Large areas of the islands have been set aside as nature reserves.</p><br>
<h2>Nature and geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands are situated in the Norra Kvarken narrows between the Bothnian Sea to the south and the Bothnian Bay to the north. Holmöarnas nature is quite diverse with areas covered in forest, bogs and lakes, and the islands have a rich birdlife. The islands natural life is so special that the whole of Holmögadd, Stora Fjäderägg and Grossgrunden, nearly all of Ängesön and the eastern half of Holmön and all waters surrounding these have been protected as a nature reserve since 1980, incidentally the largest island nature reserve in Sweden.</p><br>
<p>Many of the lakes and pools on Holmöarna are former bays and inlets which were severed from the sea due to the rising of the underlying land mass by about 8.5 mm (approx. ⅓") each year. Strandbjerget, the islands&#39; highest point at 25.83 meters above sea level, is found at Holmöns northern end.</p><br>
<h3>Holmön</h3><br>
<p>Holmön is the main island of the group and is still largely covered in spruce forest. The preserved main village of Holmö By is surrounded by open fields separated by narrow bands of woodland and stone walls with the occasional heap of cleared rocks.</p><br>
<p>The main part of Holmö By was built alongside Hallen esker, and about 20 farms adjoin the road leading south through cultivated moorland. The village has a church and primary school as well as a fire station and a trade cooperative offering groceries, alcoholic beverages and petrol as well as apothecary, library and postal services.</p><br>
<p>Byviken village on the northwestern tip of Holmön hosts the islands ferry and marina facilities. The Ship Museum is also located here, as well as a tourist information centre, restaurant, bathing beach and the Holmögården youth hostel. Berguddens fyrplats is a locality 3 km southwest of Byviken sporting a lighthouse from 1896 and some lighthouse keepers cabins now converted to a hostel. Gäddbäckssundet ("Jäbbäckssundet" in local dialect) is a sound located to the southeast of Holmön, separating it from the island of Ängesön, and offering a secure anchorage.</p><br>
<h3>Ängesön</h3><br>
<p>Ängesön island is slightly bigger than Holmön, with lots of cut-off inlets, pools, and bogs from which reed used to be cut. The road leading from Byviken, through Holmö By, terminates near Grossgrunden on Ängesön&#39;s southern tip.</p><br>
<h3>Grossgrunden</h3><br>
<p>Grossgrunden (from Old Norse grjót meaning "rock" and grund meaning "bottom") was once an area of dangerous rocky shallows, but due to the post-glacial rebound it is now a proper island surrounded by outlying islets.</p><br>
<h3>Stora Fjäderägg</h3><br>
<p>An islet northeast of Holmön with a lighthouse, bird conservation centre and a hostel.</p><br>
<p>The island is an important resting point for migratory birds on their way to Asia and Africa. The southern half of the island has a number of ancient stone markings shaped in the form of labyrinths and compass roses, from the days Stora Fjäderägg was a fishing and sealing base. The former lighthouse keeper&#39;s residence now houses a youth hostel.</p><br>
<h3>Holmögadd</h3><br>
<p>Holmögadd, separated from Grossgrunden by Gaddströmmen sound, forms the southernmost tip of the Holmöarna islands. The island is best known for its lighthouse named Holmögadd dating from 1770. The entire island was a military shooting range from 1940, which was recently dismantled.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Swedish weather service SMHI operates a weather station at Holmön. The local climate is very much influenced by the sea and as a result is a marine type of the humid continental climate regime with temperatures similar to coastal areas of Newfoundland in Canada, but with lesser snowfall and rainfall. It could be described as the northernmost continental zone in the world under the Köppen classification due to the cooler winters than Atlantic Norway and warmer Septembers than less marine inland areas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands played host to fishing and sealing parties from the moment the first islands broke the sea&#39;s surface around the start of the Christian era.</p><br>
<p>Around 1300 the seasonal hunters and fishers supposedly first settled permanently on the islands. This supposition is backed by a number of toponyms found in the islands.</p><br>
<p>In 1543 King Gustav Vasa starts taxing the farming inhabitants of Holmöarna. Seven farms were found in the islands at that point.</p><br>
<p>In 1698 the Umeå postmaster was ordered to have mail destined for Finland taken across Kvarken by Holmöarna&#39;s inhabitants whenever weather conditions allowed.</p><br>
<p>In 1717 Holmön was plundered by the Russians.</p><br>
<p>In 1760 the first lighthouse of the Kvarken narrows was constructed on Holmögadd.</p><br>
<p>In 1802 the first church on Holmön, named Helena Elisabeth was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1838 the current lighthouse on Holmögadd was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1860 the Swedish Riksdag parliament voted to release the farming population from the duty to bring mail across Kvarken.</p><br>
<p>In 1891 Helena Elisabeth Church becomes too crowded and a new church designed by Fritz Eckert is built on Strandsberget hill.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 Holmön is designated a separate municipality.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s regular ferry traffic was taken up between Holmön and Ostnäs in mainland Sweden.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 the ferry&#39;s mainland port of call is moved to Norrfjärden.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 Helena Elisabeth&#39;s church is moved to Gammlia open-air museum near Umeå.</p><br>
<p>From 1974 the islands are part of Umeå Municipality and stop being Sweden&#39;s smallest municipality.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 Holmöarna are designated a nature reserve. The reserve is Sweden&#39;s largest marine nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 the current ferry, named Helena Elisabeth, is put into service.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 a birding centre is housed in the former lighthouse keeper&#39;s residence on Stora Fjäderägg.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the first Holmön Folk Festival (Visfestival Holmön) was held.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 Holmön&#39;s Ship Museum is inaugurated.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 a youth hostel was opened in the former lighthouse keeper&#39;s residence on Stora Fjäderägg.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Postrodden is a yearly festival in memory of the duty imposed for centuries on the inhabitants of the Holmöarna and Björkö islands to bring mail and travellers across Kvarken.</p><br>
<p>Visfestival Holmön is a Folk Festival held in held every year in July since 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Communications</h2><br>
<p>Communications between Byviken and Norrfjärden on the mainland are carried out free of charge by a car ferry in the ice-free months or as long as the boat is able to break its own course through the ice. Once the ice has grown too thick to break, a hydrocopter is put to use, but being susceptible to pervading winds, it is often replaced with a helicopter service. The ferry ride to the islands takes approximately 45 minutes.</p><br>
<p>From time to time Holmöslupen, a reconstructed sloop as was once common along the coast of Västerbotten, sails between Byviken and Stora Fjäderägg accepting passengers.</p><br>
<p>Pic de Néouvielle  is a mountain in the Néouvielle massif in the French Pyrenees.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the commune of Saint-Lary-Soulan within the department of the Hautes-Pyrénées, and lies on the border between the Pyrenees National Park and the Néouvielle National Nature Reserve. The name Pic de Néouvielle derives from nèu vielha, meaning old snow in the Occitan language; the inhabitants of the vallée dAure call the peak la montagne dAubert.</p><br>
<p>The mountain has four corries, some containing small glaciers, separated by sharp granite ridges. Its south face is between 400–500 m high, and dominates the deep valley of the lac de Cap-de-Long. The shapely Pic Ramougn lies on its east ridge.</p><br>
<p>The first known ascent of Pic de Néouvielle was made on 10 July 1847 by Vincent de Chausenque and the Barèges guide Bastien Teinturier.</p><br>
<p>The Blackstone Hotel, currently known as the Blackstone Center, is located at 302 South 36th Street in the Blackstone neighborhood of the Midtown area in Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1915, it was declared an Omaha Landmark in 1983 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Blackstone was built by the Bankers Realty Investment Company as a residential hotel in 1915. Residents generally rented by the year rather than the day and received hotel services. Although there were single room units, most were suites with six to eight rooms. Each floor had four glass sunrooms and ornate furnishings throughout.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, the building was purchased by Charles Schimmel, an immigrant from Vienna. After converting the Blackstone to a regular hotel, it soon became a "symbol of elegance" and gained a high stature nationwide as the premier hotel between Chicago and San Francisco along the Lincoln Highway. Among its amenities the hotel kept a small fleet of Pierce-Arrow limousines for visiting dignitaries who arrived in Omaha by train and its own magazine, The Blackstonian; there were also a ballroom, rooftop gardens and award-winning restaurants. A restaurant called the Orleans Room was the Blackstones most famous, and received Holiday Magazines "Award for Excellence" for 16 straight years. Through the 1970s the building was one of the most successful elegant small hotels in the country.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the Radisson Hotel Corporation bought the hotel and operated it until 1976. The Blackstone was renovated for use as offices in 1984 and renamed the Blackstone Center.</p><br>
<p>In September 2007, Kiewit Corporation, one of five Fortune 500 companies based in Omaha, announced it would buy the Blackstone. It was expected that the company will eventually utilize the entire building.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Built on a steel frame, the building is covered in brick with terra cotta detailing.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The Reuben sandwich was likely invented in Omaha by Reuben Kulakofsky. According to one version of the sandwichs disputed history, it was first introduced to the world in 1925 on a menu in one of the Blackstones restaurants. Butter brickle ice cream was also first introduced to the world at the Blackstone.</p><br>
<p>Breheimen is a mountain range in the Sogn og Fjordane and Oppland counties in Norway. The area lies west of the Jotunheimen mountain range. The mountain range lies to the northwest of the Sognefjellsvegen road, north of the Sognefjorden, south of the Nordfjorden and Norwegian National Road 15, and east of Norwegian National Road 5 and European route E39. The mountain range includes Jostedalsbreen National Park and Breheimen National Park.</p><br>
<p>The name Breheimen means "home of the glaciers", since it has many glaciers, including Norway&#39;s largest glacier, Jostedalsbreen. Other glaciers in the range include Harbardsbreen and Spørteggbreen. Some of the major mountains in the area include Skåla, Lodalskåpa, Høgste Breakulen, Tverrådalskyrkja, Hestbreapiggan, and Brenibba. The region is home to several large lakes such as Austdalsvatnet and Styggevatnet.</p><br>
<p>Hempstead House, also known as the Gould-Guggenheim Estate or Sands point preserve, is a large estate that was started by Howard Gould and completed by Daniel Guggenheim in 1912. It is located in Sands Point, New York</p><br>
<h2>The estate</h2><br>
<p>The grounds contain two castle-like buildings, Hempstead House, the main house, and a smaller house, known as Castle Gould. The main house measures 225 ft, 135 ft, and has three floors containing forty rooms, punctuated by an 80 ft. Once construction had completed, the 300 acre estate needed 17 house servants and 200 farmers and groundskeepers to maintain its upkeep. Hempstead House in its prime was regarded as one of the most lavish estates to occupy the Gold Coast (North Shore (Long Island)):</p><br>
<p>In its heyday in the 1920s, Hempstead House revealed a taste for extravagance. In the Entry Foyer was an organ made of oak. The pipes still visible on the walls above were merely for show—the music reverberated through openings in the floors. Medieval tapestries once hung on the walls, and oriental carpets covered the floor. The sunken Palm Court once contained 150 species of rare orchids and other plants. An aviary housed exotic birds in ornate cages among the flowers. The walnut-paneled Library was copied from the palace of King James I; relief portraits of literary figures still decorate the plaster ceiling. The Billiard Room featured a gold leaf ceiling, hand-tooled leather wall covering, and carved oak woodwork from a 17th century Spanish palace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Howard Gould, son of railroad tycoon Jay Gould, began construction of the estate after purchasing the land in 1900. Initially, the plan was to build a castle that was to be a replica of Kilkenny Castle. Castle Gould, as it came to be called, was intended to be used as the main house. However, the Goulds did not like the castle so they decided to create another house on the estate which would serve as the main dwelling.</p><br>
<p>After the completion of this house in 1912, the Goulds sold the estate to Daniel Guggenheim. Upon buying the estate, the name of the main house was changed to Hempstead House (the limestone stables and the servants quarters are, today, still referred to as Castle Gould). In 1917, the Guggenheims donated the estate to the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences. Soon after acquiring the estate, the institute sold it to the USA Navy who held it from 1946 to 1967. The USA government declared the estate as surplus and eventually gave the deed of the property to Nassau County, New York in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Film</h2><br>
<p>A number of famous movies have had scenes filmed at Hempstead House and the surrounding estate. Some examples are:</p><br>
<p>Scent of a Woman (1992)</p><br>
<p>Malcolm X (1992)</p><br>
<p>Great Expectations (1998).</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill is a historic house built in the late 18th century near Port Tobacco in Charles County, Maryland, United States. It is a five-part, Georgian-style dwelling house. It has a two-story central block with gable ends. It was restored during the mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Significance related to residents</h2><br>
<p>It is notable for the following:</p><br>
<p>Dr. Gustavus R. Brown, a lifelong friend of George Washington and one of his physicians, built the house and lived here.</p><br>
<p>Olivia Floyd (1826-1905), a noted Confederate agent and blockade runner during the American Civil War, lived here</p><br>
<p>It is the reputed site of the Port Tobacco Blue Dog Legend</p><br>
<h3>Dr. Gustavus Richard Brown</h3><br>
<p>Around 1780, Dr. Gustavus Brown bought and combined four tracts of land from his neighbor; the property is now known as "Betty&#39;s Delight". Combining this land with his own, he had built the house later named Rose Hill, which was completed in about 1783.</p><br>
<p>The house has been owned by a number of families since it was built. It was restored in 1937</p><br>
<p>and more recently in the early 1970s by Charles Stuart.</p><br>
<h3>Olivia Floyd</h3><br>
<p>The Maryland archives appear to show that Rose Hill Farm (with the manor) was sold to Ignatius Semmes, but do not provide a clear account, i.e., whether it was to the elder Semmes (born 1773), or the younger (born 1821</p><br>
<p>File modified October 7, 2000. It lists dates on gravestones 1778-1826 and 1821-1843 for the elder and younger Ignatius Semmes. See external link to St. Ignatius Church which shows worn gravestones (1773 may be read as 1778).), and when this took place (from 1804 to the early 1820s). Another Gustavus Brown is mentioned more than once in the same area, up to 1826. But the archives do show that older Semmes died in 1826, and the younger Semmes died in 1843, willing the property to his maternal uncle Holmes and paternal aunt Sarah (Semmes) Floyd, married to David L. Floyd, and her children.</p><br>
<p>Olivia Floyd was among the family of Sarah and David Floyd who lived at the manor. She is notable as a Confederate agent and blockade runner during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>The Blue Dog</h3><br>
<p>Port Tobacco village, at the bottom of Rose Hill, is a town. Rose Hill Road (which is outside Port Tobacco) passes a few widely scattered houses.</p><br>
<p>Mudge Island is one of the Southern Gulf Islands in the Strait of Georgia, in British Columbia , Canada. It lies between Gabriola Island and Vancouver Island, and is considered part of the De Courcy group of islands. It is about 0.8 km wide and 4 km long.</p><br>
<p>The island is named for William Fitzwilliam Mudge, an officer on HMS Plumper under Captain George Henry Richards. Richards surveyed and named many of the islands and other features in the area in 1859.</p><br>
<p>The island has about 60 year-round residents and a summer population of over 200. There is no bridge or ferry service to Mudge Island, but there is a private marina called Moonshine Cove. The island&#39;s development is entirely residential, although some residents run businesses out of their homes.</p><br>
<p>There are several dirt roads connecting the residences. The island has full electric, telephone and cable television service, unique among the smaller De Courcy Islands.</p><br>
<p>The Canal du Rhône à Sète  is a canal in southern France, which connects the Étang de Thau in Sète to the Rhône River in Beaucaire, Gard. The canal is made up of two previously constructed canals, the Canal des Étangs and Canal de Beaucaire. It connects with the Canal du Midi through the Étang de Thau.</p><br>
<p>There is, however, no access to the Rhône at Beaucaire as the lock has been closed for many years. Access is via the lock situated to the west of Saint-Gilles which links the canal to the Petit Rhône and from there northeastwards to the junction with the Grand Rhône at Fourques situated to the north of Arles.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the lock at Saint-Gilles there is only one other operating lock on the canal between St Gilles and Beaucaire. The canal is almost totally situated at sea-level and the western part from the Vidourle river to the Étang de Thau is a sea-water canal.</p><br>
<p>In recent years major work has been undertaken to upgrade the canal so it can now be used by 1200t convoys instead of the previous 350t barges. Most notable are a stretch of canal bypassing the town of Aigues-Mortes with its railway swing bridge and a direct canal link to the port of Sète eliminating the passage of lifting and swing bridges in Frontignan and Sète.</p><br>
<h2>En Route</h2><br>
<p>PK 0 Beaucaire</p><br>
<p>PK 13.5 Bellegarde</p><br>
<p>PK 24.5 Saint-Gilles</p><br>
<p>PK 29 Junction with Canal de Saint-Gilles and Petit-Rhône (canal a dead end from here to Beaucaire)</p><br>
<p>PK 51 Aigues-Mortes, junction with Canal maritime to Le Grau-du-Roi</p><br>
<p>PK 61.5 Grande Motte</p><br>
<p>PK 70.5 Pérols</p><br>
<p>PK 75.5 Palavas-les-Flots, junction with river Lez, access to Port Ariane for Montpellier and to the Mediterranean Sea</p><br>
<p>PK 79 Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone</p><br>
<p>PK 82 Vic-la-Gardiole</p><br>
<p>PK 92-93 Frontignan, junction with high-capacity branch canal to the port of Sète</p><br>
<p>PK 98-100 Sète</p><br>
<p>Tverrådalskyrkja is a mountain on the border between the municipalities of Luster  and Skjåk , Norway. It is part of the Breheimen mountain range within Breheimen National Park, just north of the large Harbardsbreen glacier. It is 23 km north of the village of Skjolden in Luster and 33 km southwest of Bismo in Skjåk.</p><br>
<p>The 2,088 m tall main peak is also called Store Tverrådalskyrkja. About 700 m southwest of the main peak, there is a second peak at a height of 2,034 m, called Søre Tverrådalskyrkja.</p><br>
<p>Tverrådalskyrkja can be reached from the Norwegian Mountain Touring Association cabin Sotasæter. Usual access to the peak is over the Fortundalsbreen glacier, then along the eastern ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The first element is the genitive of the valley name Tverrådalen. The last element is the finite form of kyrkje which means "church". (Several mountains in Norway are named Kyrkja because of some likeness in shape with a church.) The first element of the valley name is the river name Tverråa and the last element is the finite form of dal which means "dale" or "valley". The river name is a compound of tverr which means "cross" and the finite form of å which means "(small) river"&mdash;thus it is a "side river" (to a bigger river).</p><br>
<p>Store Tverrådalskyrkja means "The Big Tverrådalskyrkja" and Søre Tverrådalskyrkja means "The Southern Tverrådalskyrkja".</p><br>
<p>The Forest of Sénart is located in the French department of Essonne. It covers 3,000 hectares in area, this forest is very important to the local population. The local government has kept roads and agricultural companies from cutting down parts of this forest. There are roughly 2-3 million visitors a year, and the government spends 1.2 million euros a year maintaining the forest.</p><br>
<p>The forest inspired the 1826 pasticcio La forêt de Sénart by Parisian Castil-Blaze, where he openly incorporated music from the opera Euryanthe against the protests of composer Carl Maria von Weber. The experience drove Weber to lobby German theaters and sovereigns to control distribution of his next opera, Oberon – an important incident in the creation of modern copyright law.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Lake Namekagon is a chain of lakes located in the Chequamegon National Forest in northern Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>Accommodations</h2><br>
<p>There are several restaurants and resorts located on Namekagon Lake, including Lakewoods, and Telemark Pointe. Restaurants include Pla-Mor, and the Loon Saloon.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fish Species include, but are not limited to, crappie, northern pike, and walleye.</p><br>
<h2>Spelling</h2><br>
<p>The spelling of "Namekagon" or "Namakagon" are known to be used. "Namekagon," with the fourth letter being an "e," is the more common spelling, especially concerning the Namekagon River that flows out of Lake Namakagon. The spelling of "Namakagon" however, with the fourth letter being an "a," is a very common spelling in the upper reaches of the Namekagon River area, especially concerning Lake Namakagon where the lake association is called the "Namakagon Lake Association." Also, for many years from the 1960s to the 1980s, a river boat named the "Namakagon Queen" was located in Hayward, WI and provided tourists with tours of the "Namekagon/Namekagon River."</p><br>
<p>Barkley Sound, also known historically as Barclay Sound, is south of Ucluelet and north of Bamfield on the west coast of Vancouver Island and forms the entrance to the Alberni Inlet. The Broken Islands Group lies in the sound.</p><br>
<p>Barkley Sound is part of the traditional territory of the Nuu-cha-nulth First Nations.</p><br>
<p>In 1787, Captain Charles William Barkley of the Imperial Eagle, explored the sound and named it after himself. Barkley traveled with his 17-year-old bride, Frances Barkley, the first European woman to visit what is now British Columbia.</p><br>
<p>In 1791 the Spanish ship Santa Saturnina, under Juan Carrasco and José María Narváez, explored Barkley Sound in detail. The Spanish named it Boca de Carrasco. Another Spanish name in common use at the time was Entrada Nitinat.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, 27 years after the sinking of the SS Valencia, the ship&#39;s lifeboat #5 was found floating in Barkley Sound. Remarkably, it was in good condition, with much of the original paint remaining. The boat&#39;s nameplate is now on display in the Maritime Museum of British Columbia.</p><br>
<p>Ormenio  is the northernmost place in all of Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Trigono in the Evros regional unit of Thrace. It is situated near the right bank of the river Evros, which forms the border with Bulgaria here. On the other side of the Evros, 6 km to the north, lies the Bulgarian town Svilengrad. Nearby villages in Greece are Ptelea to its southeast and Petrota to its southwest. Ormenio is bypassed by the Greek National Road 51/European route E85 , which continues across the border as the Bulgarian road 80 to Svilengrad. Ormenio had a railway station on the line from Didymoteicho to Harmanli in Bulgaria. During the Ottoman era, Ormenio was called Çirmen in Turkish.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1371 Ormenio was the site of the battle of Chernomen in which the Serb army under Ivan Uglesha and Valkashin was decisively defeated by the Ottomans. It was known as "Çirmen" during Ottoman rule and was a sanjak centre until 1829. In 1878 it was inhabited by 870 Bulgarians and 120 Ottomans. After the Ottoman Rule, the village was annexed to Bulgaria as "Chernomen" until 1919, when the village was ceded to Greece in the Treaty of Neuilly. In 1997 under the Kapodistrias reform, the community of Ormenio became part of the new municipality of Trigono with 12 other former communities. At the 2011 Kallikratis reform Trigono became a municipal unit of the municipality Orestiada.</p><br>
<p>The Lafayette County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Lexington, Lafayette County, Missouri. It was built in 1847 and is the oldest courthouse in continuous use west of the Mississippi River. It is known far and wide for the cannonball embedded in the upper left column, a remnant of the Civil War Battle of Lexington I, fought on September 18, 19 and 20, 1861.</p><br>
<p>In 1847, County Judges Thomas Gordon, Nathaniel Price, and Joseph W. Hall determined that a new Courthouse was needed to serve Lafayette County, Missouri. The judges chose a site on the new Main Street in Lexington, an approved plans for a magnificent structure of the Classic Greek Revival design. Silas Silver, John Catron, Robert Aull, and Henderson Young served as project and contract overseers, and William Dougherty was the architect. On April 1, 1847, the plans were accepted and $12,000 was set aside for building the new structure. The final construction costs were $14,382.46. The old courthouse in "Old Town" Lexington was sold for $1,500 and the old jail was sold for $51.00. This left the total expenditure for the new building at $12,831.46.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. It is located in the Commercial Community Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The narrow gauge Mount Beacon Incline Railway was a popular tourist attraction in Beacon, New York, United States, and the neighboring Town of Fishkill. It operated for much of the 20th century, providing sweeping views of the Hudson Valley, and efforts continue to restore it today.</p><br>
<p>The Otis Elevator Company and Mohawk Construction opened the railway on Memorial Day, 1902. Sixty thousand fares were sold in its first year; two decades later that had almost doubled. Riders were often day visitors from New York who came up the Hudson River by steamboat to Newburgh and then took a ferry to Beacon. After a trolley trip to the base station on Wolcott Avenue (today NY 9D), the railway would take them up to the 1,540 ft northern summit via an average gradient of 65% and a maximum gradient of 74%, the steepest in existence while the railroad operated.</p><br>
<p>Once on the mountain, tourists could then visit the Beaconcrest Hotel, the Casino, or enjoy the natural setting while taking in 75 mi panoramic views of the valley and surrounding areas. Once it opened in 1922, Beacon Reservoir, the city&#39;s main water source, also became a popular place to visit.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the railway ceased operations due to financial problems. In 1982 the railway was added to the National Register of Historic Places. A fire attributed to vandalism destroyed many of its buildings the next year. The route still remains and is visible from much of the city. The Mount Beacon Incline Railway Restoration Society is working to rebuild the railroad and restore service.</p><br>
<p>The A. Everett Austin House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 130 Scarborough Street in Hartford, Connecticut. It was the home of Wadsworth Atheneum director Arthur Everett "Chick" Austin, Jr. Chick Austin built the house in 1930 after seeing the Palladian Villas of the Veneto on his honeymoon. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994, for its distinctive architectural style and for its association with Austin, the Atheneum&#39;s director 1927–1944.</p><br>
<p>The house is a neo-Palladian homage to Vincenzo Scamozzi&#39;s Villa Ferreti, built in 1596 in Dolo, Republic of Venice.</p><br>
<p>The house, only one room deep, is long and narrow, 86 feet in length by 18 feet in depth. In the front elevation, the central three-bay pedimented pavilion is flanked by four-bay wings. The bays are defined by shallow, two-story Ionic pilasters. The walls of the pavilion and wings are in the same plane, since the pavilion does not project. The planar effect is emphasized by the wall sheathing, which is flush boarding, tongue-in-groove. The twelve flat pilasters rise with entasis from bases of double torus moldings to stylized Ionic capitals. Two string courses, one at first-floor ceiling height, the other below second-floor window sills, establish a horizontal orientation to balance the strong upward thrust of the pilasters.</p><br>
<p>Four stone steps lead up to the double front door in the central bay of the pavilion. Above the door, a balustrade is suggested by half-round, vase-shaped balusters applied to the spandrel under the tall, double round-arched window. First- and second-floor windows in the flanking bays of the pavilion are blind. Windows in the wings are double casements, four panes high at the first floor, three at the second; two are blind at each floor. The pavilion pilasters support a plain architrave and pulvinated frieze. The pediment above is without embellishment in its tympanum, and is wider than the cross gable behind it. The entablature continues under the eaves of the cross-gable roof.</p><br>
<p>After Austin&#39;s departure from Hartford in 1946, Helen Goodwin Austin remained in residence. In 1985, she and her two children, David and Sarah Austin, donated the house to the Wadsworth Atheneum, which provides guided visits of the property.</p><br>
<p>It is among the homes featured in Bob Vila&#39;s Guide to Historic Homes: In Search of Palladio, a six-hour A&E Network study of the work and influence of the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The house was restored in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Newton House is a Grade II* listed country house situated just to the west of the market town of Llandeilo in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It is owned and maintained by the National Trust and lies within Dinefwr Park  and the grounds of Dinefwr Castle. The original house was built during the Medieval period on a site which has been occupied for at least two millennia. The current house was built by Edward Rice in the Jacobean style in 1660, though extensive changes were made in the 1850s in the Venetian Gothic style. The house played a role in the Rebecca Riots of 1843, when the occupant of the house at the time, Colonel George Rice, received a death threat with an empty grave dug in the ground. After 1956 the property fell into turbulent times when two owners died within the space of a few years. It was sold in 1974, and later fell into disrepair; it was occupied by squatters and thieves who removed beams and furniture.</p><br>
<p>The house, along with Dinefwr Castle, have since been restored by the National Trust and Cadw respectively. It is a three-storey castellated structure, built from grey stone, with four tall towers in each corner, with sloping slate roofs. The front features a grand central porch. Two rooms are open to the public, including a tearoom and exhibition in the basement and ground floor which contain numerous displays related to the history of the estate and occupants. The deer park which surrounds the property was landscaped by Capability Brown in 1775. The surrounding woodland consists mainly of oak and wych elm. Newton House is cited as one of the most haunted houses in Wales, noted in particular for its ghost of Walter the Butler, a former employee whose tobacco smoke purportedly wafts through the air.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dinefwr Park has a history of occupation spanning at least two millennia. A polished stone axe dated to the Neolithic period was unearthed on the site in 1976, and during the Iron Age, a farm existed on the property. The Romans later built a pair of forts here, with one partly overlying the other. There are traces of Roman roads and tracks, some of which may have been part of the Carmarthen–Llandovery Roman road. A Roman milestone and a coin hoard were unearthed near Dinefwr Castle, and pieces of amphorae and Samian items have been excavated near Dinefwr Farm.</p><br>
<p>During the 12th century, Dinefwr Castle was built by Lord Rhys. The castle and grounds were seized by Henry VIII in 1531, and the estate owners, who changed their family surname to Rice, subsequently had to buy back their property from the Crown. The family were elevated to the peerage of Great Britain as Baron Dynevor. Mary I is documented to have restored some of the land back to the Rhys family, but it was not until the reign of Charles I that the family fully regained their properties.</p><br>
<p>Newton House was originally built during the medieval period at some distance from the castle. It is documented to have been later modified in 1595 and 1603. The current Newton House was completed in 1660 under the command of Edward Rice. In the late 1700s, George Rice and his wife Cecil began the construction of a landscape garden, and hired eminent architect Capability Brown in 1775 to assume responsibility for the development. Turrets and battlements were added between 1760 and 1780, giving the property a more romanticised appearance. During the Rebecca Riots of 1843, Colonel George Rice was awoken one night in September and found an empty grave dug in the grounds, warning him that he would be buried in it by October 10.</p><br>
<p>Newton House fell into a turbulent period after the death of the 7th Baron Dynevor in 1956. His son Charles Arthur Uryan, the 8th Baron, died just six years later, and most of the estate and a number of family&#39;s assets had to be sold off to pay duties. In 1974, the property was sold by the current Baron Dynevor, and later fell into disrepair: it was occupied by squatters and thieves who removed beams and furniture. The house, along with Dinefwr Castle, have since been restored by Cadw and the National Trust respectively. The National Trust acquired the deer park in 1987 and Newton House three years later.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Edward Rice ordered the construction of a Jacobean house on the site of an earlier medieval mansion in 1659, A limestone refacing occurred at the same time. Newton House is a Grade II* listed property, as are its summer house and the inner and outer courtyard ranges. The nearby dairy cottage, ha-ha, dovecote, fountain, deer abattoir, icehouse, home farmhouse, corn barn and byre/stable range are Grade II listed in their own right.</p><br>
<p>Newton House is a three-storey castellated structure,</p><br>
<p>The authors of Carmarthenshire and Ceredigion consider the heavily decorated late 17th-century ceilings of the house to be "the finest single architectural legacy among the country houses of the region". As in Plas Taliaris and several other country houses in the county, the ceilings are panelled, with "thick moulded beams and wreaths in the panels and winged cherubs&#39; heads in the corners". The entrance hall contains a columned Doric screen with a 19th-century ribbed and bossed ceiling. The old dining room to the right of this features a coffered ceiling dated to the 17th century, containing "low plaster relief mouldings including guilloché, acanthus and egg and dart". The chimney piece has been removed. The drawing room to rear of the property also features a richly adorned coffered ceiling with "frieze bearing rosette bands" and a "centre oval with bay leaf design". The 17th-century staircase features thick balusters and prominent finials, with foliage patterns ingrained in the plasterwork of the handrail. A billiard room was added to the house in 1896. A strongroom with 18 in walls and heavy steel fire-proof doors was added in 1914, for the Dynevors to keep their important documents and valuables. On the upper floors are rooms with 18th-century fittings, including "panelled dados, lugged architraves, low relief plaster ceilings and closets within angled turrets". The bedroom on the northeast of the house features a particularly detailed coffered ceiling with floral patterns.</p><br>
<p>The house contains several paintings of note, including William Powell Friths Mary, Queen of Scots Bidding Farewell to France (1561) and Godfrey Knellers portrait of the Bishop of Salisbury, William Talbot, dated to 1718. Two showrooms at the house are open to the public. Aside from the tearoom, the exhibition in the basement and ground floor contains numerous displays related to the Rhys family, the history of the estate and World War II, and is designed as if the year is 1912.</p><br>
<h2>Park and garden</h2><br>
<p>The house is surrounded by a deer park which was landscaped by Capability Brown from 1775. He established a winding path, known as Capability Brown path, through the park and planted deciduous trees in key places to frame the house and castle. Brown&#39;s beech clumps survive in the present day.</p><br>
<p>Writing in 1862, Benjamin Clarje considered the park to exhibit "perhaps a richer display of varied landscape than any spot of similar size in the kingdom". He notes that the surface in the upper area of the park is "diversified by gentle undulations and has been planted with great judgment and taste" and that the River Towy flows in the vicinity. The Wildlife Trust West Wales acquired the nearby woodland in 1979. The BBC&#39;s Peter Crawford wrote of it in his book, The Living Isles: "The woodland is primarily oak and wych elm," he writes. "The shrubs and ground cover are outstanding with cherry, holly, spindle, dog violet and the parasitic toothwort. Lichen communities are of importance and include the rare lungwort. Overlooked by the romantic Castle of Dinefwr the fine old parkland has a herd of fallow deer. The mature trees attract woodpecker, redstarts and pied flycatchers. In winter, the water meadows draw large numbers of ducks".</p><br>
<h2>Haunting</h2><br>
<p>The National Trust states that Newton House is "thought to be one of the most haunted houses in Britain", by a lover whom she had rejected. and 15th series of the Most Haunted programme.</p><br>
<p>The Ephraim Smith House is an 1845 Greek Revival house in the village of Sugar Grove, Illinois, United States. The house was built by Ephraim Smith, a millwright from Vermont. It is the only example of a wood framed Greek Revival rural house in Kane County that remains in its unaltered state. The house has, however, been moved from its original location. The Ephraim Smith House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the Ephraim Smith House began sometime shortly after Ephraim Smiths 1844 arrival in Sugar Grove Township, Kane County, Illinois. Smith, a millwright by trade for over 25 years, built the home himself. Smith, from Pawlet in Rutland County, Vermont, purchased 52 acres from Lyman Isbell and promptly returned to Vermont for his family. The family occupied a small cabin while the house was being built. Smiths youngest child, Julia, was born in the cabin in 1845. The original house was composed of locally cut timber using the post and beam method of construction. The house is believed to be the last small frame, Greek Revival, rural house in Kane County that remains in a largely unaltered form.</p><br>
<p>The Ephraim Smith House had to be moved to avoid demolition during the late 1970s.When the house was nominated for inclusion on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the move was ongoing. At the new site, a concrete foundation was poured. The above grade portion of the new foundation was faced with the original foundation&#39;s limestone. The limestone foundation and basement stones were moved from the old to the new site to be used for this purpose.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Ephraim Smith house was built and designed by Ephraim Smith in the Greek Revival style of architecture. The original, main house, dates to 1845 and is a one-story frame building, measuring approximately 25 ft by 33 ft. The post and beam construction, which is combined with brick nogging, is rare for the area and the period as cheaper, more efficient balloon framing began to dominate new construction.</p><br>
<p>The front (south) door is unique in its design. Surrounding the inset door are eleven transom windows and three sidelight windows. The sidelights are set above wooden panels. The house stands on a limestone foundation, with some concrete added after the building was moved, and the cedar shingled roof features a central chimney.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>For its architectural significance, as the only example of an unaltered Greek Revival house in rural Kane County the Ephraim Smith House was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1980. The craftsmanship of the building, along with its stylistic design were cited as the reasons for the nomination to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The John Dickinson House, generally known as Poplar Hall, is located on the John Dickinson Plantation in Dover, a property owned by the State of Delaware and open to the public as a museum by the Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs and newly part of the Delaware National Historic Park. It was the boyhood home and sometime residence of the Founding Father and American revolutionary leader John Dickinson.</p><br>
<p>The main house is an Early Georgian mansion and was built on a 13,000 acre plantation in 1739/40 by Judge Samuel Dickinson, the father of John Dickinson. Wings were added in 1752 and 1754. The house faced a nearby bend of the St. Jones River which is no longer there as the river has been straightened. The original house suffered major damage during a British raid in August 1781 and was nearly destroyed in a fire in 1804. John Dickinson lived there for extended periods only in 1776/77 and 1781/82, although he kept up a keen interest in the property and often visited. Purchased by the National Society of Colonial Dames of America in 1952, it was given to the State of Delaware and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>John Dickinson (1732–1808) was a lawyer and politician who spent most of the time in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware. He was at various times a Continental Congressman from Pennsylvania and Delaware, a delegate to the USA Constitutional Convention of 1787, President of Delaware, and President of Pennsylvania. Among the wealthiest men in the American colonies, he became known as the Penman of the Revolution, for his Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, where he eloquently argued the cause of American liberty. Although refusing to vote in favor of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, he supported the establishment of the new government during the American Revolution and afterward in many official capacities.</p><br>
<p>The John Dickinson Plantation is located at 340 Kitts Hummock Road, 5 mi south of Dover, Delaware by Delaware Route 1, and.3 miles east on Kitts Hummock Road.</p><br>
